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A Crash Course in Kubernetes
A Crash Course in Kubernetes
In today's world of complex, web-scale application backends made up of many microservices and components running across clusters of servers and containers, managing and coordinating all these pieces is incredibly challenging. That's where Kubernetes comes in. Kubernetes (also known as "k8s") is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis is a sneak peek of today’s paid newsletter for our premium subscribers. Get access to this issue and all future issues - by subscribing today.
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In today's world of complex, web-scale application backends made up of many microservices and components running across clusters of servers and containers, managing and coordinating all these pieces is incredibly challenging.
That's where Kubernetes comes in. Kubernetes (also known as "k8s") is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
With Kubernetes, you don't have to worry about manually placing containers or restarting failed ones. You simply describe your desired application architecture and Kubernetes makes it happen and keeps it running.
In this two-part series, we'll dive deep into Kubernetes and cover:
Key concepts like pods, controllers, and services
The components that make up a Kubernetes cluster
When and why Kubernetes is useful for your applications
Tradeoffs to consider before adopting Kubernetes
We'll demystify Kubernetes and equip you with everything you need to determine if and when Kubernetes could be the right solution for your applications. You'll walk away with a clear understanding of what Kubernetes is, how it works, and how to put it into practice.
Whether you're a developer, ops engineer, or technology leader, you'll find invaluable insights in this deep dive into Kubernetes. Let's get started!
Brief History
Kubernetes can be traced back to Google's internal container orchestration system, Borg, which managed the deployment of thousands of applications within Google. Containers are a method of packaging and isolating applications into standardized units that can be easily moved between environments. Unlike traditional virtual machines (VMs) which virtualize an entire operating system, containers only virtualize the application layer, making them more lightweight, portable and efficient.
In 2014, Google open-sourced a container orchestration system based on its learnings from Borg. This is Kubernetes. Kubernetes provides automated deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications. By leveraging containers rather than VMs, Kubernetes provides benefits like increased resource efficiency, faster deployment of applications, and portability across on-prem and cloud environments.
Why is it also called k8s? This is a somewhat nerdy way of abbreviating long words. The number 8 in k8s refers to the 8 letters between the first letter “k” and the last letter “s” in the word Kubernetes.
Kubernetes Architecture and Key Components
At its core, Kubernetes follows a client-server architecture. There are two core pieces in a Kubernetes cluster - control plane and worker nodes.
The control plane is responsible for managing the state of the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs on multiple nodes that span across several data center zones.
In other words, the control plane manages worker nodes and the containers running on them.
The containerized applications run in a Pod. Pods are the smallest deployable units in Kubernetes. A pod hosts one or more containers and provides shared storage and networking for those containers. Pods are created and managed by the Kubernetes control plane. They are the basic building blocks of Kubernetes applications.
Let’s dive deeper into the main pieces.
Kubernetes Control Plane
The control plane is the brain of Kubernetes. It consists of various components that, together, make global decisions about the cluster. The control plane components run on multiple servers across availability zones to provide high availability.
The key components are:
Kubernetes API Server
Etcd
Kubernetes Scheduler
Kubernetes Controller Manager
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3 steps to platform engineering mastery
3 steps to platform engineering mastery
Equip yourself with the knowledge and strategies needed to master platform engineering and API architecture.The road to API-Topia: A platform engineer’s handbook
We're thrilled to present our latest expert guide, The road to API-Topia: A platform engineer’s essential handbook, created in collaboration with industry expert James Higginbotham.
If you're ready to:
- Enhance your team's productivity.
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by "Tyk" <communities@tyk.io> - 09:47 - 26 Oct 2023 -
[eBook] How to take infrastructure monitoring to the next level
New Relic
The paradox of infrastructure monitoring is that the more mission-critical it becomes, the more complex it becomes to monitor and manage.
DevOps and SRE teams face a sprawling network of complex systems and changing environments. This increasingly complex software infrastructure is now more critical to business success than it’s ever been. A mixed bag of metrics from a disconnected set of tools isn’t sufficient in today’s environment.
With observability, you can proactively collect, visualize, and apply intelligence to all of your metrics, events, logs, and traces in order to gain a holistic understanding of your entire software system.
How do you get there? In our eBook, we’ll look at four ways that DevOps and SRE teams can achieve true observability.
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by "New Relic" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:36 - 26 Oct 2023 -
Measuring software developer productivity is indeed possible
On Point
Four key steps to get started
by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:24 - 26 Oct 2023 -
Press the Easy Button - A Log Analytics Buyer's Guide
Sumo Logic
(Free Download) Get the guide today
Master your log analytics. Master your business opportunities.
As log data expands, log management and analytics solutions continue to evolve. Keeping up with industry offerings can be a challenge, so we've created the Log management and analytics buyer's guide to help you find the right fit among modern solution offerings.
Learn more about Sumo Logic and the infinite power of log analytics.Sumo Logic, Level 9, 64 York Street, Sydney, NSW 2000
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by "Sumo Logic" <marketing-info@sumologic.com> - 09:00 - 25 Oct 2023 -
SmartWaste - Advanced Waste Management Software that is designed to collect and manage multiple types of Waste.
SmartWaste - Advanced Waste Management Software that is designed to collect and manage multiple types of Waste.
Grow sustainable waste collection businesses with SmartWaste Software.Plan optimum waste collection and disposal routes to maximize productivity.
Benefits
Grow sustainable waste collection businesses with SmartWaste Software.
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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 08:00 - 25 Oct 2023 -
Run payroll beyond borders: Expanding Global Payroll
Run payroll beyond borders: Expanding Global Payroll
Run multi-country payroll in minutes, with confidenceEarlier this year, we began rolling out Global Payroll - giving employers the confidence to run multi-country payroll with our modern platform and expert support.
Today, we're excited to expand Global Payroll to support compliant payroll processing in economic centers across Asia-Pacific, EMEA, Latin America, and North America.
In-house worldwide payroll expertise
Use Remote to consolidate global payroll across the top countries for tech talent around the world.
Plus, we're continuing to expand support for more countries over the coming months, including Brazil, Hong Kong, Israel, and Japan.
Consolidating multi-country payroll is simple with Remote
Compliant payroll, expert support, transparent pricing
Unite payroll processing across multiple countries to pay domestic and international team members from one simple hub - for one simple fee.
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Reduce costs by centralizing payroll management
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Ensure local compliance for every country
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Accurate, on-time, compliant payroll to level-up your employee experience
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Tax and labor authority reporting handled for you
Request a demo today to see how you can save time, effort, and money with Remote Global Payroll.
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by "Remote" <hello@remote-comms.com> - 07:02 - 25 Oct 2023 -
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Working parents are often in critical roles. How can companies better support them?
On Point
Research on working families’ experiences Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
‘Fix the structure.’ Seeing millions of women exit the workforce made Reshma Saujani, the founder of Girls Who Code and the founder and CEO of the Marshall Plan for Moms, realize that making it possible for women to be moms and to work requires a different approach. “We have to stop trying to fix the woman and instead fix the structure,” says Saujani. That means paid leave, affordable childcare, and flexibility, adds Saujani, who joined McKinsey Global Institute director Kweilin Ellingrud and partner Kunal Modi on an episode of McKinsey’s Future of America podcast.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:47 - 25 Oct 2023 -
ล็อคอิน mySchneider Program วันนี้ รับเลย 1,000 พอยท์!!
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by "Schneider Electric" <reply@se.com> - 11:01 - 24 Oct 2023 -
How will generative AI affect your workforce?
Five Fifty
Get your briefing Historically, automation has affected workers with lower education and skill levels. Generative AI is flipping the script: more-educated workers will likely experience the greatest degree of impact, say McKinsey’s Michael Chui and coauthors.
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by "McKinsey Quarterly Five Fifty" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:03 - 24 Oct 2023 -
Join me on Thursday to learn how to maximise observability with New Relic Logs
Hi MD,
Liam, Manager of Customer Training at New Relic University, here.
Are you getting the most from your log data when it comes to troubleshooting and observability? Are they easy-to-use or access when you need them?
If you'd like to improve how you use and work with your logs, you can register to attend the free online workshop I'll be hosting on Thursday 26th October at 10am BST/ 11am CEST- Maximising Observability with New Relic Logs. This 90-minute workshop will walk you through the different ways to bring log data to New Relic, the fast and easy to use UI, as well as parsing, filtering, or dropping logs to match your needs. With hands-on labs in a sandbox environment, you’ll get to search log data with ease and speed, work with partitions and AI log patterns, troubleshoot errors in applications and trace data, create charts and dashboards to share with teams, and set up alert conditions for problems you want to prevent.
You can find the full agenda on the registration page here. While we recommend attending the hands-on workshop live, you can also register to receive the recording.
I hope to see you then,
Liam Hurrell,Manager, Customer Training
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by "Liam Hurrell, New Relic" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:36 - 24 Oct 2023 -
How companies are reimagining travel in the age of AI
On Point
A new era of travel Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
AI-directed air traffic. Researchers in the UK have created a digital twin of England’s airspace that may enable AI agents to work alongside humans to direct air traffic. By recommending energy-efficient routes, the virtual model, which uses data from ten million flight paths, could lower the environmental effects of flying. Using AI platforms to guide air traffic might also help to reduce delays at congested airports. The airline industry is grappling with a shortage of air traffic controllers, who complete three years of training to do the job. [FT]
•
Travel’s new era. Advances in AI are equipping the travel industry to reimagine how consumers experience travel. Most companies aim to provide exceptional service, but too often fall short of meeting expectations. Still, nearly a third of consumers intend to splurge on travel in the next three months, a 2023 McKinsey ConsumerWise survey finds. Closing the gap between the promise and reality of travel gives companies the opportunity to keep the desire to travel alive, says QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey leader Ben Ellencweig and colleagues.
•
Smarter decisions. Travel companies are developing new tools for frontline workers to process complex inputs and help guide day-of decision making. For example, advanced simulation models such as digital twins allow companies to conduct rapid what-if analyses and provide real-time guidance. With a digital twin, when inclement weather occurs, crews can use live simulations to make more informed decisions about rerouting flights. To explore how digital technologies are reshaping travel, see our new report, The promise of travel in the age of AI.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:28 - 24 Oct 2023 -
The future of real estate in a hybrid world
Rethink the office New from McKinsey Global Institute
The future of real estate in a hybrid world
Rethink the office Prefer audio? Listen to the podcast, and explore past episodes of The McKinsey Podcast. Subscribe via Google Podcasts, iTunes, or Spotify.
Empty spaces and hybrid places: The pandemic’s lasting impact on real estate
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:57 - 24 Oct 2023 -
Track and Manage Waste Collecting Fleets with Advanced Waste Management Software - SmartWaste.
Track and Manage Waste Collecting Fleets with Advanced Waste Management Software - SmartWaste.
Grow sustainable waste collection businesses with SmartWaste Software.Plan optimum waste collection and disposal routes to maximize productivity.
Benefits
Grow sustainable waste collection businesses with SmartWaste Software.
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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 08:00 - 23 Oct 2023 -
What’s going on that’s not generative AI? A leader’s guide to top trends
Trending now Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
Business leaders are generally optimistic about global economic conditions over the next six months, according to the latest McKinsey Global Survey on the economy. Sentiments vary by region, however: respondents in North America and India have a brighter outlook than those in Europe, where the effects of inflation raise concerns. For the sixth quarter in a row, geopolitical instability and political conflicts remain the most-cited risks to global growth, but private sector companies still believe their organizations will do well—two-thirds expect their profits to increase over the next six months, and most respondents expect customer demand to grow. Many companies plan to redesign the office space that they own or lease and to implement remote-work policies over the next few years, regardless of whether they expect their office space to shrink or expand.
That’s McKinsey’s Michael Chui, Mena Issler, Roger Roberts, and Lareina Yee in their report on the technology trends that matter most for companies in 2023. While generative AI may be the most hyped trend, “it stands as just one of many advances on the horizon that could drive sustainable, inclusive growth,” note the authors. For example, technologies such as cloud, edge, and quantum computing show great promise for value creation: edge will likely post double-digit growth in the next five years. According to the McKinsey authors, “Companies seeking longer-term growth should focus on a portfolio-oriented investment across the tech trends most important to their business.”
The growing middle-class segments of the population will likely have a major influence on business and society, says Brookings Institution economist Homi Kharas in an episode of McKinsey’s Forward Thinking podcast. “They shape our world, clearly, by politics,” he says. “But not just by politics. They’re shaping our world by their influence on the business sector. The middle class, increasingly, for example, is looking to push corporates to be more sustainable.” With their expansion fueled by technology, democratization, and globalization, the middle classes now total about four billion people—roughly half of the world’s population. The influence of these groups extends to “all parts of our lives,” says Kharas. “Every time you hear of something going viral, for example, what it really means is that the middle class has seized on this as an issue and is trying to elevate it.”
In the sci-fi TV series For All Mankind, which presents an alternative history of the 1960s space race, the superpowers set up bases on the moon and routinely fly lunar missions. That scenario may not be as far-fetched as it seems. Set to surge 41 percent over the next five years, the $469 billion space economy—broadly defined as activities in orbit or on other planets that benefit humans—is already transforming life on Earth, reports McKinsey senior partner Ryan Brukardt. For example, satellite technology powers our communications and helps monitor climate change, agriculture, and national security. But the biggest boost for organizations could come from functions that take place entirely in space, such as in-orbit R&D and manufacturing. Such breakthroughs may fuel the next industrial revolution—and help your business lift off.
Lead by spotting trends.
— Edited by Rama Ramaswami, senior editor, New York
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by "McKinsey Leading Off" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:05 - 23 Oct 2023 -
Change is hard. But it can also give companies a competitive edge.
On Point
Managing change in an ever-changing world Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
The power of storytelling. As the world around them transforms continuously, organizations and their leaders have no choice but to transform in turn. Of course, large-scale organizational change can be destabilizing and anxiety-inducing for many employees. But storytelling is a powerful tool for building trust, even in uncertain times. Stories can make abstract concepts—such as the reasons for a company’s transformation and what that change might mean for people’s day-to-day work—feel personal and emotionally resonant. Stories about the changes under way can also influence people’s behaviors and actions so that they match the organization’s vision. [Quartz]
•
The will to succeed. After years of McKinsey research on transformations, some persistent truths remain: a comprehensive approach to change is best, and the value at stake is incredibly high—and easy to lose. What partner Rajesh Krishnan and coauthors tested this year is how, and by how much, four broad elements (will, skill, rigor, and scope) can affect a transformation’s outcomes: not only whether the effort achieved and sustained performance improvements, but also whether it enabled the company to outperform its competition.
— Edited by Daniella Seiler, executive editor, Washington, DC
Introducing Insights to Impact
Be among the first to subscribe to this free newsletter delivering a weekly roundup of analysis that’s influencing decision makers. Each Friday, we’ll offer insights across geographies, industries, and capabilities to help leaders identify new opportunities to spur innovation and growth, sustainably.
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:23 - 23 Oct 2023 -
Meet the partners behind our most popular recent insights
Get to know them Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
New from McKinsey & Company
Our most popular insights over the past month touch on how organizations and individuals can overcome current challenges and prepare for the months and years ahead. Meet the McKinsey leaders behind these insights, which address employee disengagement and attrition, the effects of generative AI, how individuals can contribute to higher living standards and a greener world, effectively communicating the value of companies’ sustainability initiatives, and more.
To see more essential reading on topics that matter, visit McKinsey Themes.
— Edited by Joyce Yoo, editor, New York
And for insights on issues that matter most to the CEO and their colleagues in the C-suite, sign up for The CEO Shortlist, formerly The Shortlist. We’ve changed the focus (and name) of this newsletter to signal our commitment to helping CEOs, present and future, do the best job they can. Rest assured it will continue to deliver, twice monthly, a shortlist of articles and reports that are must-reads regardless of role—from C-level execs to the frontline.
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 06:39 - 22 Oct 2023 -
The week in charts
The Week in Charts
Sustainability commitments, the world’s trade hub, and more Share these insights
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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:32 - 21 Oct 2023 -
EP82: Open-sourcing Over 100 Byte-sized System Design Concepts
EP82: Open-sourcing Over 100 Byte-sized System Design Concepts
This week’s system design refresher: Open-sourcing over 100 byte-sized system design concepts with high-resolution diagrams Best ways to test system functionality Cloud Network Components Cheat Sheet Explaining 5 unique ID generators in distributed systems Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
Open-sourcing over 100 byte-sized system design concepts with high-resolution diagrams
Best ways to test system functionality
Cloud Network Components Cheat Sheet
Explaining 5 unique ID generators in distributed systems
Organize your API work and collaborate more (Sponsored)
Postman workspaces give teams shared access to the tools they need to solve problems together. They are the go-to place for development teams to collaborate and move quickly while staying on the same page.
With workspaces, teams can:
Automatically notify other team members about changes to APIs as updates sync in real time.
Set up manual or automated workflows to support different stages of API development.
Enable faster onboarding for both internal and external partner developers
Create collaborative hubs for troubleshooting API calls and maintaining a log of common steps to follow.
Open-sourcing over 100 byte-sized system design concepts with high-resolution diagrams
Start exploring the repository here: https://bit.ly/bytebytegoGitRepo
Best ways to test system functionality
Testing system functionality is a crucial step in software development and engineering processes.
It ensures that a system or software application performs as expected, meets user requirements, and operates reliably.
Here we delve into the best ways:Unit Testing: Ensures individual code components work correctly in isolation.
Integration Testing: Verifies that different system parts function seamlessly together.
System Testing: Assesses the entire system's compliance with user requirements and performance.
Load Testing: Tests a system's ability to handle high workloads and identifies performance issues.
Error Testing: Evaluate how the software handles invalid inputs and error conditions.
Test Automation: Automates test case execution for efficiency, repeatability, and error reduction.
Over to you: How do you approach testing system functionality in your software development or engineering projects?
Latest articles
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The 6 Most Impactful Ways Redis is Used in Production Systems
The Tech Promotion Algorithm: A Structured Guide to Moving Up
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Cloud Network Components Cheat Sheet
Network components form the backbone of cloud infrastructure, enabling connectivity, scalability, and functionality in cloud services.
These components include routers, load balancers, and firewalls, which ensure data flows efficiently and securely between servers and clients.
Additionally, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) optimize content delivery by caching data at edge locations, reducing latency and improving user experience.
In essence, these network elements work together to create a robust and responsive cloud ecosystem that underpins modern digital services and applications.
This cheat sheet offers a concise yet comprehensive comparison of key network elements across the four major cloud providers.
Over to you: How did you tackle the complexity of configuring and managing these network components?Explaining 5 unique ID generators in distributed systems
The diagram below shows how they work. Each generator has its pros and cons.
UUID
A UUID has 128 bits. It is simple to generate and no need to call another service. However, it is not sequential and inefficient for database indexing. Additionally, UUID doesn’t guarantee global uniqueness. We need to be careful with ID conflicts (although the chances are slim.)Snowflake
Snowflake’s ID generation process has multiple components: timestamp, machine ID, and serial number. The first bit is unused to ensure positive IDs. This generator doesn’t need to talk to an ID generator via the network, so is fast and scalable.
Snowflake implementations vary. For example, data center ID can be added to the “MachineID” component to guarantee global uniqueness.DB auto-increment
Most database products offer auto-increment identity columns. Since this is supported in the database, we can leverage its transaction management to handle concurrent visits to the ID generator. This guarantees uniqueness in one table. However, this involves network communications and may expose sensitive business data to the outside. For example, if we use this as a user ID, our business competitors will have a rough idea of the total number of users registered on our website.DB segment
An alternative approach is to retrieve IDs from the database in batches and cache them in the ID servers, each ID server handling a segment of IDs. This greatly saves the I/O pressure on the database.Redis
We can also use Redis key-value pair to generate unique IDs. Redis stores data in memory, so this approach offers better performance than the database.
Over to you - What ID generator have you used?
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:39 - 21 Oct 2023 -
Overcoming bias in machine learning
Is your bot biased? Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
Overcoming bias in machine learning
Poor workers always blame their tools, the saying goes. The lesson, of course, is a simple one: the more knowledgeable the worker, the more effective the tool. That’s as true for, say, a factory lathe machine as it is for the complex algorithms that underpin the machine learning and AI technologies that companies increasingly use. Machine learning holds immense promise for businesses that can effectively harness the powerful technology, but much like today’s advanced-analytics and generative AI technology, it’s only as good as the data it’s working from—and, perhaps even more important, the people inputting the data.
One of the risks of machine learning is that the algorithms that support it can easily inherit the behavioral biases of their human creator, derailing projects and creating costly errors in the process. Organizations can take measures to protect against algorithmic bias, including understanding the shortcomings of the algorithms they’re working with, shaping data samples in such a way that minimizes bias, and knowing when not to use the technology if a more traditional decision-making process is appropriate.
Companies are only just beginning to experiment with the powerful new generative AI and machine learning technologies available. To help ensure that both worker and tool are functioning optimally, business leaders would do well to heed the lessons from this 2017 classic from McKinsey partner Vishnu Kamalnath, “Controlling machine-learning algorithms and their biases.”Address the limitations of machine learning Share these insights
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by "McKinsey Classics" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:09 - 21 Oct 2023