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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:56 - 18 Nov 2023 -
EP86: CAP, BASE, SOLID, KISS, What do these acronyms mean?
EP86: CAP, BASE, SOLID, KISS, What do these acronyms mean?
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
CAP, BASE, SOLID, KISS, What do these acronyms mean?
Single Sign-On (SSO) explained in simple terms
Imperative Vs Functional Vs Object-oriented Programming
Data Pipelines Overview
2023 State of DevOps Report by Google Cloud and LinearB (Sponsored)
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CAP, BASE, SOLID, KISS, What do these acronyms mean?
The diagram below explains the common acronyms in system designs.
CAP
CAP theorem states that any distributed data store can only provide two of the following three guarantees:
1. Consistency - Every read receives the most recent write or an error.
2. Availability - Every request receives a response.
3. Partition tolerance - The system continues to operate in network faults.
However, this theorem was criticized for being too narrow for distributed systems, and we shouldn’t use it to categorize the databases. Network faults are guaranteed to happen in distributed systems, and we must deal with this in any distributed systems.
You can read more on this in “Please stop calling databases CP or AP” by Martin Kleppmann.BASE
The ACID (Atomicity-Consistency-Isolation-Durability) model used in relational databases is too strict for NoSQL databases. The BASE principle offers more flexibility, choosing availability over consistency. It states that the states will eventually be consistent.SOLID
SOLID principle is quite famous in OOP. There are 5 components to it.
1. SRP (Single Responsibility Principle)
Each unit of code should have one responsibility.
2. OCP (Open Close Principle)
Units of code should be open for extension but closed for modification.
3. LSP (Liskov Substitution Principle)
A subclass should be able to be substituted by its base class.
4. ISP (Interface Segregation Principle)
Expose multiple interfaces with specific responsibilities.
5. DIP (Dependency Inversion Principle)
Use abstractions to decouple dependencies in the system.KISS
"Keep it simple, stupid!" is a design principle first noted by the U.S. Navy in 1960. It states that most systems work best if they are kept simple.
Over to you: Have you invented any acronyms in your career?
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Single Sign-On (SSO) explained in simple terms
The concepts of SSO revolve around the three key players: the User, the Identity Provider (IDP), and the Application.
The end-user or individual who seeks access to various applications.
Identity Provider (IDP): An entity responsible for user authentication and verification. Common IDPs include Google, Facebook, and company-specific systems.
Application: The software or service that the user wants to access. Applications rely on the IDP for user authentication. With SSO, users can seamlessly log in to various applications with a single set of credentials, enhancing convenience and security.
Single Sign-On (SSO) simplifies user access by enabling them to log in to multiple applications with a single set of credentials, enhancing the user experience and reducing password fatigue. It also centralizes security and access management, improving security, streamlining access control, and saving time and costs.
Over to you: What's your perspective on the future of secure authentication in the digital realm?Imperative Vs Functional Vs Object-oriented Programming
In software development, different programming paradigms offer unique ways to structure code. Three main paradigms are Imperative, Functional, and Object-oriented programming, each with distinct approaches to problem-solving.
Imperative Programming:
- Works by changing program state through a sequence of commands.
- Uses control structures like loops and conditional statements for execution flow.
- Emphasizes on mutable data and explicit steps for task completion.
- Examples: C, Python, and most procedural languages.Functional Programming:
- Relies on pure functions, emphasizing computation without side effects.
- Promotes immutability and the avoidance of mutable state.
- Supports higher-order functions, recursion, and declarative programming.
- Examples: Haskell, Lisp, Scala, and functional features in languages like JavaScript.Object-oriented Programming:
- Focuses on modeling real-world entities as objects, containing data and methods.
- Encourages concepts such as inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
- Utilizes classes, objects, and interfaces to structure code.
- Examples: Java, C++, Python, and Ruby.
Over to you: Which one resonates with your coding style? Ever had an 'aha' moment while using a particular paradigm? Share your perspective.
Data Pipelines Overview
Data pipelines are a fundamental component of managing and processing data efficiently within modern systems. These pipelines typically encompass 5 predominant phases: Collect, Ingest, Store, Compute, and Consume.
Collect:
Data is acquired from data stores, data streams, and applications, sourced remotely from devices, applications, or business systems.Ingest:
During the ingestion process, data is loaded into systems and organized within event queues.Store:
Post ingestion, organized data is stored in data warehouses, data lakes, and data lakehouses, along with various systems like databases, ensuring post-ingestion storage.Compute:
Data undergoes aggregation, cleansing, and manipulation to conform to company standards, including tasks such as format conversion, data compression, and partitioning. This phase employs both batch and stream processing techniques.Consume:
Processed data is made available for consumption through analytics and visualization tools, operational data stores, decision engines, user-facing applications, dashboards, data science, machine learning services, business intelligence, and self-service analytics.
The efficiency and effectiveness of each phase contribute to the overall success of data-driven operations within an organization.
Over to you: What's your story with data-driven pipelines? How have they influenced your data management game?Latest articles
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The 6 Most Impactful Ways Redis is Used in Production Systems
The Tech Promotion Algorithm: A Structured Guide to Moving Up
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 18 Nov 2023 -
Net zero: Taking stock, tracking progress
The Shortlist
by "McKinsey CEO Shortlist" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:06 - 17 Nov 2023 -
Achieving growth isn’t easy. Six strategies can set organizations up for success.
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Tougher times. Recent economic data indicates that US consumers may continue to open their wallets: in the third quarter of 2023, US GDP grew at an annualized rate of 4.9%. Still, companies in multiple sectors are warning that consumer demand may be difficult to predict in the months ahead, as high interest rates, reduced savings, and student loan repayments strain household budgets. One toy company said that it was projecting a 13–15% decline in revenue for the full year. [CNN]
•
What it takes to grow. Recent years have tested the mettle of C-suite leaders, who face disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, high inflation, geopolitical tensions, climate events, and more. In turbulent times, companies may be tempted to err on the side of caution, yet those that do often fail to achieve their full potential for growth. Leaders who courageously pursue and stick with long-term strategies for expansion, however, lead their organizations to deliver superior growth, McKinsey senior partner Jill Zucker and coauthors explain.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:07 - 16 Nov 2023 -
Bias Busters: Motivations under the microscope
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by "McKinsey Quarterly" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:54 - 16 Nov 2023 -
Does Serverless Have Servers?
Does Serverless Have Servers?
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Serverless computing refers to the paradigm of building and running applications without managing the underlying servers. With serverless, the cloud provider abstracts away the servers, runtimes, scaling, and capacity planning from the developer. The developer focuses on the application code and business logic, while the cloud provider handles provisioning servers, auto-scaling, monitoring, etc., under the hood. Over the past decade, this “no-ops” approach has greatly simplified deploying cloud-native applications.
The term “serverless” is misleading since servers are still involved. But from the developer’s perspective, there are no visible servers to manage. The cloud provider handles the servers, operating systems, and runtimes. This model allows developers to deploy event-driven, auto-scaling functions and APIs without worrying about the infrastructure.
Some key enablers of serverless computing include FaaS (Functions-as-a-Service), BaaS (Backend-as-a-Service), containers, microservices, and auto-scaling. This newsletter will dive deeper into serverless concepts, architecture, user cases, limitations, and more.
The Evolution of Serverless
Serverless computing gained prominence around 2014 with the release of AWS Lambda. It allowed developers to run event-driven applications without having to provision backend servers. Functions would auto-scale based on load while AWS handled the infrastructure.
The release of Azure Functions and Google Cloud Functions further popularized this FaaS model.
With the rise of Docker and Kubernetes between 2013 and 2014, containerization and microservices made it easy to deploy serverless applications and accelerated the adoption of serverless computing.
In 2018, the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) published the Serverless Whitepaper 1.0. The whitepaper positioned serverless as a new cloud-native approach compared to Containers-as-a-Service (CaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS).
The table below lists some key benefits and drawbacks of each model. CaaS has full control over the infrastructure but requires more effort in monitoring, logging, and capacity management. PaaS facilitates easier application deployment and auto-scaling but doesn’t have container portability. Serverless has the lowest requirement for infrastructure management, with autoscaling, reduced ops, and pay-per-use billing as crucial benefits.
Today, serverless has become a popular option for startups to quickly build and iterate on applications for product-market fit. The benefits of adopting serverless computing include:
Cost savings: With serverless computing, providers adopt a pay-as-you-go billing model based on usage. Developers only pay for the specific compute resources utilized when the functions run. There is no need to over-provision capacity upfront and pay for idle resources. This billing model enables efficient resource utilization and significant cost savings compared to provisioning servers or virtual machines with fixed capacity.
Faster time-to-market: With serverless computing, developers don’t need to spend time on infrastructure management tasks like capacity planning. Developers can focus on writing code and business logic, allowing them to deploy applications quickly.
Auto-scaling: Serverless applications can automatically scale up and down based on traffic patterns. Developers can initially provision minimal compute resources. As incoming requests increase, the platform automatically allocates more resources to handle the load. When traffic decreases, excess capacity is released.
Expanding developer skills: Serverless computing abstracts away infrastructure and operational concerns by modularizing computation and storage into functions and services. It enables front-end developers to work on simple backend services as well.
Next, let’s look at the key concepts in serverless computing.
FaaS and Event-Driven Architecture
The term “serverless” has two related but distinct meanings:
In a narrow sense, serverless refers specifically to FaaS. With FaaS, developers deploy auto-scaling function code without provisioning servers. The functions are executed on-demand based on event triggers.
FaaS functions are stateless and ephemeral. BaaS is combined with FaaS to provide API-based services maintained by the cloud provider and offer stateful capabilities like storage, databases, etc.
More broadly, serverless implies a “NoOps” approach where developers don’t manage any backend servers or infrastructure. This concept includes FaaS, BaaS, and other managed cloud services like databases, storage, etc.
In this sense, serverless means the servers are abstracted from the developer. The cloud provider handles all server provisioning, scaling, availability, etc. Developers just use the services through APIs and don’t operate the backend.
The diagram below explains the scope of the two types of serverless.
Functions and event triggers are two key components of cloud-native architecture. The diagram below shows their evolution.
The evolution of containers, PaaS, and microservices paved the way for the development of FaaS. The event-driven workflow defines the system as a predefined set of steps where we can embed business logic. The two architectural developments make serverless computing a popular choice.
In the next section, we will review how FaaS works.
FaaS
Unlike CaaS, FaaS handles the runtime environment so developers can focus solely on the function-based application logic. The diagram below illustrates how FaaS works differently from regular service processes.
With CaaS, we bundle dependencies into containers like Docker. We must manage the entire application context and runtime environment.
With FaaS, the cloud provider defines the runtime environment. We just code the function logic without worrying about dependencies or runtime management. When a function finishes executing, the runtime is destroyed along with the function. Functions interact via event triggers and scale automatically based on demand - new instances spin up to handle more requests and scale down when traffic decreases.
The key difference is that FaaS abstracts away runtime management and scaling, allowing developers to focus on writing code. We only pay for resources once a request triggers function execution. CaaS gives more control over dependencies and runtime but requires configuring and managing the environment
One of the main benefits of FaaS is enabling rapid scaling through fast cold starts compared to traditional servers. But how fast are FaaS cold starts in reality?...
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:39 - 16 Nov 2023 -
[In-depth guide] How to Optimize Log Management Costs
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Why today’s retail leaders need a new playbook
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‘I had to quit.’ The US retail industry employs almost eight million people, and many of them aren’t happy about it. Quit rates for US part-time retail workers prior to 2020 remained at roughly 75%; it has since surged to 95%. Workers say that hostile customers, increased shoplifting, and high employer expectations make them question staying on the job. Globally, retailers are contending with consumers’ changing habits and a flagging economy. As the cost of living has climbed, other countries are also reporting increases in aggressive customers and crime. [Bloomberg]
•
Rethinking retail. The retail sector is evolving dramatically, with customers, suppliers, employees, and investors all changing their behavior and expectations. The pace and magnitude of change have been jarring to even the most seasoned leaders. These challenges call for a retail reset—one in which executives rethink long-held beliefs and practices. Becoming a retail winner isn’t easy. The top 10% of publicly traded retailers now account for 70% of the sector’s economic profit, McKinsey senior partner Becca Coggins and coauthors explain.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:13 - 16 Nov 2023 -
Geopolitics have risen to the top of CEO and board agendas
Re:think
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FRESH TAKES ON BIG IDEAS
ON GEOPOLITICAL RISK
Boards can guide companies through geopolitical headwindsZiad Haider
The world continues to be deeply interconnected by flows of capital, data, goods, people, and services. At the same time, the global order is experiencing fragmentation, which has pushed geopolitics to the top of both CEO and board agendas.
Geopolitical fragmentation is not just about what is happening with crises in Europe and the Middle East and escalating strategic competition in Asia. We are also seeing the rise of the so-called middle powers, such as India and Saudi Arabia, that are exercising greater economic and political clout.
To be sure, geopolitics is not a new feature for global businesses, but in the past, companies could often choose to deal with it at lower levels of intensity. For certain organizations, it might not have been high on the agenda, or if it was, it was a topic for the chief risk officer.Now, however, in every conversation we have with executives and CEOs, geopolitics is one of the first topics they want to discuss. They might be concerned about ruptures due to internal civil conflict and instability or rising US–China tensions. The reason we’re having these conversations more is because geopolitical issues are no longer just risks to be managed. They raise a fundamental question for every CEO, which is: “Can I remain a global company and, if so, how?”
External fissures are also creating internal fissures within organizations. Geopolitics can be personal, and global companies have different points of view internally. So how do CEOs navigate that and hold their organizations together? Employees, customers, partners, and shareholders expect companies to take positions. In our surveys of CEOs conducted after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we found companies were under pressure to do so—resulting in many Western companies withdrawing from Russia altogether.“Boards can play a central role in developing, reviewing, and shaping responses to geopolitical risks.”
Boards have to grapple with these questions and think of what is a board’s role in stewarding an enterprise through geopolitical headwinds. Board members are starting by seeking to upgrade their understanding of geopolitics, given the velocity of change. Many are now having to roll up their sleeves to help manage regulatory requirements or engage with government stakeholders. Being informed and proactive is a question of who is on the board and which of their core competencies to engage. Where a board chooses to meet can also send important signals to its employees, customers, and partners.
Boards play a particularly critical role in stress-testing management. The board can step back and say, “OK, walk us through how we see the opportunity in this market and how we’re derisking.” Having that sort of step-back stress test is an important supplement to scenario planning because it forces the top echelons of an organization to think around the next corner.
Boards can also play a vital role in helping companies optimize their global footprints in a complex geopolitical landscape by assessing the risks, economic return, and strategic importance of where they operate. Ultimately, boards can exercise oversight to lift management’s abilities and imaginations so their companies can navigate the prevailing geopolitical currents and seek new growth horizons.
There’s no one global template for how to adapt to different models of doing business. Instead, each geographic location requires customization and segmentation to insulate and manage risks.ABOUT THIS AUTHOR
Ziad Haider is the global director of geopolitical risk and is based in McKinsey’s Singapore office.
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Frithjof Lund on how boards can respond to generative AI
As generative AI has come to fruition, boards have largely focused on the risks posed by the new technology. But risk is only one part of the equation. Boards can also use the technology to catalyze change in the institutions they govern and raise management’s aspirations.
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by "McKinsey Quarterly" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:36 - 15 Nov 2023 -
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Forward Thinking on how geeks are changing the world with Andrew McAfee
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by "McKinsey Global Institute" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:57 - 15 Nov 2023 -
Global trade flows are ever-changing. Our digital interactive helps you understand how.
On Point
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Potential new partnership. Even amid economic and geopolitical volatility, global trade is robust, with the value of international trade increasing 26% above prepandemic figures from 2019. With the next era of growth centered on sustainability and technology, India and Africa could become major trade hubs, a Brookings Institution fellow says. The pair could benefit from a trade partnership worth roughly $20 trillion over the next two decades, as the regions deliver clean energy, digital infrastructure, and green products to the rest of the world. [FT]
•
Global ties. In spite of recent disruptions, global trade flows are remarkably resilient, with the world remaining deeply interconnected, analysis from the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) has found. Global connections are constantly evolving. To navigate a more complex and challenging era, leaders must have a deeper understanding of how trade relationships are changing, along with the interdependencies and networks created by them, Sven Smit, MGI’s director and chair, and colleagues explain. Fact-based trade insights can inform management and policy decisions.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:18 - 15 Nov 2023 -
79 Engineering Blogs To Level Up Your System Design Skills
79 Engineering Blogs To Level Up Your System Design Skills
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79 Engineering blogs to level up your system design skills
Many people have asked me about good engineering blogs. Here is my list of favorites and a more comprehensive list.
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 14 Nov 2023 -
Those with disabilities often face barriers to healthcare. What practices could help?
On Point
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
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Lifting low wages. It has long been a practice for some US employers to pay people with disabilities less than the minimum wage. Recently, US policy makers said that they would revisit the rule that enables organizations to do so. Originally, the regulation was meant to help injured veterans of war find employment more easily. Across the US, roughly 42,000 people affected by this regulation (nearly all of whom have an intellectual or developmental disability) are engaged in work programs that pay them an average of $4.15 an hour; about half earn less than $3.50 an hour. [PBS]
•
Missing data. More than one billion people live with significant disabilities. They often experience more barriers to accessing healthcare, as detailed in a new report from the McKinsey Health Institute (MHI) and the Missing Billion Initiative. Closing gaps in health outcomes between people with and without disabilities calls for good data. Yet there are sizable and persistent gaps in health data with respect to people with disabilities, McKinsey partner Sunny Sun and coauthors share. Many countries, for instance, collect no data on disabilities.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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Copyright © 2023 | McKinsey & Company, 3 World Trade Center, 175 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:06 - 14 Nov 2023 -
โอกาสสุดท้ายในการลงทะเบียนสัมมนาออนไลน์! Universal Automation - the missing link for Industry 4.0
Schneider Electric
เข้าร่วมการสัมมนาผ่านเว็บในวันที่ 21 พ.ย. นี้
โอกาสสุดท้ายในการลงทะเบียนสัมมนาออนไลน์!ต้องการสร้างแอปพลิเคชันอัตโนมัติที่เป็นอิสระจากฮาร์ดแวร์หรือไม่
Universal Automation เป็นองค์กรอิสระที่ไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรที่สนับสนุนและส่งเสริมโลกของแอปพลิเคชันอุตสาหกรรม Plug & Produce โดยที่ส่วนประกอบซอฟต์แวร์ที่ไม่ขึ้นกับผู้ขายที่ได้รับการพิสูจน์แล้วและใช้งานจริงถูกรวมเข้าด้วยกันเพื่อให้เกิดกรณีการใช้งานขั้นสูงในราคาประหยัดและยั่งยืน เชื่อมโยงไอทีและโอที และปลดปล่อยอุตสาหกรรมดิจิทัลเต็มรูปแบบ
เข้าร่วมการอภิปรายสดของเรากับ UniversalAutomation.org (UAO) และผู้เชี่ยวชาญจาก Cargill และ Gr3n เพื่อเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับภารกิจขององค์กร และรับฟังประสบการณ์จริงและกรณีการใช้งานจากผู้นำทางอุตสาหกรรมในการเดินทางสู่อุตสาหกรรม 4.0 ที่แท้จริง
2:00-3:00pm (UTC+7)วันอังคารที่ 21 พฤศจิกายน 2023
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by "Schneider Electric" <reply@se.com> - 10:01 - 13 Nov 2023
