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How PayPal Scaled Kafka to 1.3 Trillion Daily Messages
How PayPal Scaled Kafka to 1.3 Trillion Daily Messages
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Disclaimer: The details in this post have been derived from the article originally published on the PayPal Tech Blog. All credit for the details about PayPal’s architecture goes to their engineering team. The link to the original article is present in the references section at the end of the post. We’ve attempted to analyze the details and provide our input about them. If you find any inaccuracies or omissions, please leave a comment, and we will do our best to fix them.
In the 2022 Retail Friday, PayPal’s Kafka setup witnessed a traffic volume of 21 million messages per second.
This was about 1.3 trillion messages in a single day.
Similarly, Cyber Monday resulted in 19 million messages per second coming to around 1.23 trillion messages in a single day.
How did PayPal scale Kafka to achieve these incredible numbers?
In this post, we will go through the complete details of PayPal’s high-performance Kafka setup that made it possible.
Kafka at PayPal
Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform.
PayPal adopted Kafka in 2015 and they use it for building data streaming pipelines, integration, and ingestion.
At present, PayPal’s Kafka fleet consists of over 1500 brokers hosting 20,000 topics. The 85+ clusters are expected to maintain a 99.99% availability.
Over the years, PayPal has seen tremendous growth in streaming data and they wanted to ensure high availability, fault tolerance, and optimal performance.
Some of the specific use cases where PayPal uses Kafka are as follows:
First-party Tracking: Tracking user interactions and clickstream data on PayPal’s website and mobile app for real-time analytics and personalization.
Application Health Metrics: Collecting and aggregating performance metrics from various PayPal services to monitor system health and detect anomalies.
Database Synchronization: Synchronizing data between PayPal’s primary database and secondary databases for disaster recovery and high availability.
Application Log Aggregation: Collecting and centralizing log data from different PayPal applications and services for troubleshooting, monitoring, and analysis.
Batch Processing: Processing large batches of payment transaction data using Kafka as a buffer for decoupling the data ingestion and processing stages.
Risk Detection and Management: Streaming real-time payment data through Kafka for feeding the fraud detection and risk assessment models.
Analytics and Compliance: Capturing and analyzing financial transaction data in real-time for regulatory reporting and audit purposes.
How PayPal Operates Kafka?
PayPal’s infrastructure is spread across multiple geographically distributed data centers and security zones. Kafka clusters are deployed across these zones.
There are some key differences between data centers and security zones:
A data center is a physical facility that houses computing infrastructure. A security zone is a logical partition with a data center or across data centers, created through network segmentation.
While data centers help with isolation and availability, security zones provide an additional level of security isolation beyond the physical boundaries.
Security zones are often defined based on data classification levels, such as highly sensitive, confidential, or public data.
In the context of PayPal, Kafka clusters handling sensitive payment data may be placed in a high-security zone with restricted access. Clusters processing less sensitive data may reside in a different security zone.
One thing, however, is common.
Whether it is data centers or security zones, MirrorMaker is used to mirror the data across the data centers, which helps with disaster recovery and communication across security zones.
For reference, Kafka MirrorMaker is a tool for mirroring data between Apache Kafka clusters. It leverages the Kafka Connect framework to replicate data, which improves resiliency.
See the diagram below to get an idea about PayPal’s Kafka setup across data centers and security zones:
Operating Kafka at the scale of PayPal is a challenging task. To manage the ever-growing fleet of Kafka clusters, PayPal has focused on some key areas such as:
Cluster Management
Monitoring and Alerting
Configuration Management
Enhancements and Automation
The diagram below shows a high-level view of PayPal’s Kafka Landscape:
In the subsequent sections, we will look at each area in greater detail.
Cluster Management
Cluster management deals with controlling Kafka clusters and reducing operational overhead. Some of the key improvements were done in areas like:
Kafka Config Service
ACLs
Kafka Libraries for PayPal
QA environment
Let’s look at each improvement in more detail.
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Kafka Config Service
PayPal built a special Kafka config service to make it easy for clients to connect to the Kafka clusters.
Before the config service, clients had to hardcode the broker IPs in the connection configuration.
This created a maintenance nightmare due to a couple of reasons:
Firstly, replacing a broker for upgrades, patching, or disk failures required updates to the client. Missing to update one broker IP somewhere would often lead to multiple incidents.
Second, Kafka is configuration-heavy, making it tough for developers to figure out a suitable set of configurations. Often, the Kafka clients would override certain properties without knowing the implications, resulting in support issues due to unexpected behavior.
The Kafka config service solved these issues. The service makes it easy for the Kafka clients to follow a standard configuration. Ultimately, it reduces operational and support overhead across teams.
The diagram below shows the Kafka client retrieving bootstrap servers and configuration from the config service using the topic information.
Kafka ACLs
Initially, any PayPal application could connect to any of the existing Kafka topics. This was an operational risk for the platform considering that it streams business-critical data.
To ensure controlled access to Kafka clusters, ACLs were introduced.
For reference, ACLs are used to define which users, groups, or processes have access to specific objects such as files, directories, applications, or network resources. It’s like a table or list specifying a particular object's permissions.
With the introduction of ACLs, applications had to authenticate and authorize access to Kafka clusters and topics.
Apart from making the platform secure, ACLs also provided a record of every application accessing a particular topic or cluster.
PayPal Kafka Libraries
It was important to ensure that Kafka clusters and the clients connecting to them operate securely. Also, there was a need to ensure easy integration to multiple frameworks and programming languages. They didn’t want each engineering team to reinvent the wheel.
Supported tech stack for Kafka Libraries. Source: PayPal Tech Blog To facilitate these needs, PayPal built a few important libraries:
Resilient Client Library: When a client tries to establish a connection to the cluster, this library gets the Kafka broker details and the required configuration for the producer or consumer application.
Monitoring Library: This library publishes critical metrics for client applications, allowing applications to set alerts and get notifications in case of any issues.
Kafka Security Library: The Kafka platform supports more than 800 applications. This library takes care of the required certificates and tokens to enable SSL authentication for applications connecting to the Kafka clusters. It avoids a lot of overhead around key management, certificate updates, and key rotations.
QA Platform
One of the great things PayPal did was to set up a production-like QA platform for Kafka for developers to test changes confidently.
This is a common problem in many organizations where the testing performed by developers is hardly indicative of the production environment, resulting in issues after launch.
A dedicated QA platform solves this by providing a direct mapping between production and QA clusters.
The same security standards are followed. The same topics are hosted on the clusters with the brokers spread across multiple zones within the Google Cloud Platform.
Monitoring and Alerting
Monitoring and alerting are extremely important aspects for systems operating at a high scale. Teams want to know about issues and incidents quickly so that cascading failures can be avoided.
At PayPal, the Kafka platform is integrated with the monitoring and alerting systems.
Apache Kafka provides multiple metrics. However, they have taken out a subset of metrics that help them identify issues faster.
The Kafka Metrics library filters out the metrics and sends them to the SignalFX backend via SignalFX agents running on all brokers, Zookeepers, MirrorMakers, and Kafka clients. Individual alerts associated with these metrics are triggered whenever abnormal thresholds are breached.
Configuration Management
Operating a critical system requires one to guard against data loss. This is not only applicable to the application data but also to the infrastructure information.
What if the infrastructure gets wiped out and we’ve to rebuild it from scratch?
At PayPal, configuration management helps them store the complete infrastructure details. This is the single source of truth that allows PayPal to rebuild the clusters in a couple of hours if needed.
They store the Kafka metadata such as topic details, clusters, and applications in an internal configuration management system. The metadata is also backed up to ensure that they have the most recent data in case it’s required to re-create clusters and topics in case of a recovery.
Enhancements and Automation
Large-scale systems require special tools to carry out operational tasks as quickly as possible.
PayPal built multiple such tools for operating their Kafka cluster. Let’s look at a few important ones:
Patching Security Vulnerabilities
PayPal uses BareMetal for deploying the Kafka brokers and virtual machines for Zookeeper and MirrorMakers.
As we can expect, all of these hosts need to be patched at frequent intervals to fix any security vulnerabilities.
Patching requires BM restart which can cause partitions to lag. This can also lead to data loss in the case of Kafka topics that are configured with a replica set of three.
They built a plugin to query whether a partition was lagging before patching the host, thereby ensuring only a single broker is patched at a time with no chances of data loss.
Topic Onboarding
Application teams require topics for their application functionality. To make this process standardized, PayPal built an Onboarding Dashboard to submit a new topic request.
The diagram below shows the onboarding workflow for a topic.
A special review team checks the capacity requirements for the new topic and onboards it to one of the available clusters. They use a capacity analysis tool integrated into the onboarding workflow to make the decision.
For each new application being onboarded to the Kafka system, a unique token is generated. This token is used to authenticate the client’s access to the Kafka topic. As discussed earlier, an ACL is created for the specific application and topic based on their role.
MirrorMaker Onboarding
As mentioned earlier, PayPal uses MirrorMaker for mirroring the data from one cluster to another.
For this setup, developers also use the Kafka Onboarding UI to register their requirements. After due checks by the Kafka team, the MirrorMaker instances are provisioned.
The diagram below shows the process flow for the same:
Conclusion
The Kafka platform at PayPal is a key ingredient for enabling seamless integration between multiple applications and supporting the scale of their operation.
Some important learnings to take away from this study are as follows:
Tooling is a must when operating Kafka on a large scale. This involves operations such as cluster installation, topic management, patching VMs, etc.
Availability is as good as the ability of alerting and monitoring systems to provide timely inputs to the infrastructure team.
ACLs are a great way to have a better understanding of how the various applications are connected with Kafka.
A dedicated QA environment is critical for developers to ship changes with confidence and speed.
References
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:35 - 11 Jun 2024 -
New Relic launches Secure Developer Alliance
New Relic
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New Relic launches Secure Developer Alliance The Secure Developer Alliance is a coalition of industry leaders that provides a best-of-platform approach to observable application security.
Read the blog 
How Skyscanner uses game days to train engineers on observabilityFlight and travel search engine Skyscanner uses OTel standards to create a new game day format to speed up training in observability using New Relic.
Connecting SLOs to business metrics with Thinkific
Thinkific implements service-level objective monitoring and introduces standard KPIs for all services. Here’s how.Useful Reads
2024 State of the Java Ecosystem Report
Get context and insights into the current state of the Java ecosystem. Discover the most popular versions used, the most popular frameworks, and more.
Elsevier consolidates tools and moves to the cloud
Elsevier makes several hundred thousand dollars in cost savings by reducing the number of monitoring tools and eliminating the white noise that prevented swift issue resolution.
Upcoming Events Join our New Relic user meetups across Europe this June
Join us at one of our user meetup events in Paris, Amsterdam, Manchester and London this June. We’ve got a jam-packed Agenda, with food and drinks, where you’ll hear from New Relic engineers and other customers in your area.
Find out what’s new at New Relic, including mobile user journeys, Session Replay, AI monitoring, and New Relic AI. We’ll also give you a sneak peek into our upcoming limited previews, as well as our roadmap.Register now New Relic University online workshops
Join our upcoming New Relic online live training workshop, "Maximising ovservability with New Relic logs," on June 27 at 10am BST / 11am CEST.
This is a 90-minute, trainer-led workshop with hands-on labs that will help you up level your observability skills.Register here New Relic End-of-Life Updates
Support for PromQL (July 15)
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If you’re currently using PromQL-styled queries to query your data, you’ll need to adopt NRQL.
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Prometheus metrics data will still be accessible in New Relic.
- For more information, see our documentation.
Data Explorer (September 30)
- We’re migrating the data explorer tool from the metrics and events capability to the query your data capability.
- We’re unifying querying capabilities into a single experience to streamline how customers can access their data.
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If you want to use the data explorer tool, you’ll now find it under the query your data capability from https://one.newrelic.com > All capabilities.
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by "New Relic" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:23 - 11 Jun 2024 -
How does the women’s health gap affect the global economy?
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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
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Closing the women’s health gap. Because of disparities in care delivery, data, and efficacy, women spend 25% more time in poor health than men do. A recent analysis from the McKinsey Health Institute, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, finds that closing the global women’s health gap could result in better overall health, fewer early deaths, and as much as a $1 trillion economic boost, McKinsey senior partner Lucy Pérez and coauthors share.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:11 - 10 Jun 2024 -
How not to be a bad boss: A leader’s guide
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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
Horrible Bosses. The Devil Wears Prada. Tyrannical managers are often the subject of office comedies. But behind the satire lies a darker reality. Despite some improvements in workplace practices, many leaders may still set unreasonable expectations, display favoritism, steal credit, use inappropriate language, or discriminate against employees who exhibit specific characteristics. Leaders who indulge in or condone toxic behavior can erode employee performance and morale, harm customer relationships, and expose the organization to litigation. Here are some ways to ensure that your workplace remains civilized and respectful.
“Fundamentally, leaders need to make other people better,” says business psychology professor Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic in a conversation with McKinsey senior partner Brooke Weddle and partner Bryan Hancock. “There should be less focus on individualistic, selfish, egotistical, and career-enhancing traits and dispositions and more focus on those that make other people better.” Unfortunately, some leaders may be “overconfident, narcissistic, and incompetent” because traditional corporate culture is likely to favor these traits, says Chamorro-Premuzic. To counter this tendency, bosses could consider honing their intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. “If you’re managing people, it’s important that you also manage yourself,” he says. “It’s important that you evoke and display the right emotions. It’s important that you can empathize with others and connect with them on a human level.”
That’s the number of factors that organizations may need to consider to change the behavior of managers—and increase employee satisfaction at work. For example, research shows that as people gain power, they tend to lose their ability to understand people and situations accurately, leading to a deficit in empathy. Leadership training courses that emphasize soft skills, as well as programs to encourage mindfulness and self-awareness, may counter this to some extent. Formal mechanisms that reinforce desirable behaviors could also help: for instance, employee satisfaction with an immediate boss could become part of that leader’s performance evaluation.
That’s former marketing executive Dalia Feldheim in a discussion with McKinsey on how so-called feminine leadership qualities such as empathy and intuition may help combat toxic work environments and the resulting employee burnout. In a business world that often emphasizes competition and power over people, what may be called for is “emotional bravery,” which, Feldheim says, “goes way beyond emotional intelligence—it allows emotions and empathy to come out. The role of the leader is to elicit empathy.”
During his 11-year tenure as CEO of Merck, Ken Frazier gained widespread respect for spurring organizational performance without compromising his strong personal values. “I thought it was important to be humble,” the former executive chairman says in a conversation with McKinsey senior partner Vik Malhotra and senior partner alumnus Steve Van Kuiken. “My dad was a janitor, and he was ten feet tall in my eyes. I also knew that when I was in that [CEO] chair, my job was to serve my employees and patients; it was not about me.” Rather than exerting his power, Frazier adopted an equitable approach to leadership that involved nurturing and promoting top talent, delegating key decisions, and exhorting teams to work toward the common good. “When a company is successful, the CEO gets a lot of credit for what I call the big moments, but leadership is in the many small, quiet moments with the team,” he says. “You have to assemble the right talent and figure out how to work together, making sure the company has the right intensity, operational cadence, and accountability.”
Truly toxic and destructive bosses may leave employees with no option but to quit. But not all dysfunctional leaders are inherently bad people; in such cases, it may be worthwhile for workers to adapt to their managers’ styles. Empathy, communicating clearly and frequently, and figuring out preferred work habits may help you find your groove with a difficult boss. Research led by McKinsey senior partners Aaron De Smet and Arne Gast and colleagues shows that old hierarchical models of leadership may be giving way to collaborative, connected, and compassionate ways of working that bring out everyone’s potential within the organization.
Lead by being a good boss.
— Edited by Rama Ramaswami, senior editor, New York
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by "McKinsey Leading Off" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:24 - 10 Jun 2024 -
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What future job skills might European and US employers need most?
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Developing AI skills. US tech workers are trying to stand out in a crowded field as demand for AI skills rises, the Wall Street Journal reports. Job applicants are updating their résumés with keywords such as “ChatGPT” and “Copilot” and rushing to improve their AI capabilities by enrolling in AI boot camps. Companies are recruiting people who have experience with large language models that power sophisticated chatbots, but there’s a shortage of workers with such qualifications. [WSJ]
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Staying competitive. Workers and organizations across the globe are focusing on AI to stay relevant, according to CNBC. A 2024 survey by LinkedIn and Microsoft has found that 55% of leaders are worried that a shortage of talent will make it tough to fill jobs. The survey, which included more than 30,000 workers in 31 countries, also found that nearly eight in ten executives think that their company needs to embrace AI to keep up with the competition. [CNBC]
•
Shifting labor demand. Europe and the US face shifts in labor demand, spurred by AI and automation. Demand for workers in health- and STEM-related fields could grow by 17 to 30% between 2022 and 2030. Demand for occupations such as office, production, and customer service workers could decline in that period. In a midpoint adoption scenario, up to 30% of current hours worked in the two regions could be automated by 2030 if accelerated by generative AI, McKinsey Global Institute chair Sven Smit and coauthors find.
•
Occupational shifts. By 2030, Europe could require up to 12 million occupational transitions. In the US, required career transitions could also reach about 12 million. In response to those shifts, organization leaders will need to upskill their workforces. Demand for both technological and social and emotional skills could rise substantially in both regions. Enhancing human capital while rapidly deploying AI could revive productivity growth. Consider four priorities that may protect organizations’ competitive advantage in an era of AI and automation.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:39 - 10 Jun 2024 -
The week in charts
The Week in Charts
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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:32 - 8 Jun 2024 -
EP115: Life is Short, Use Dev Tools
EP115: Life is Short, Use Dev Tools
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
KISS, SOLID, CAP, BASE: Important Terms You Might Not Know! (Youtube video)
Life is Short, Use Dev Tools
10 Essential Components of a Production Web Application
How to load your websites at lightning speed
Top 8 Standards Every Developer Should Know
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Software Engineering Intelligence (SEI) Platforms are solving visibility and operations challenges for engineering teams. Join LinearB’s workshop on June 20th or 27th to learn about how SEI tools are rapidly accelerating developer productivity in enterprises.
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KISS, SOLID, CAP, BASE: Important Terms You Might Not Know!
Life is Short, Use Dev Tools
The right dev tool can save you precious time, energy, and perhaps the weekend as well.
Here are our favorite dev tools:
Development Environment
A good local dev environment is a force multiplier. Powerful IDEs like VSCode, IntelliJ IDEA, Notepad++, Vim, PyCharm & Jupyter Notebook can make your life easy.Diagramming
Showcase your ideas visually with diagramming tools like DrawIO, Excalidraw, mindmap, Mermaid, PlantUML, Microsoft Visio, and MiroAI Tools
AI can boost your productivity. Don’t ignore tools like ChatGPT, GitHub Copilot, Tabnine, Claude, Ollama, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion.Hosting and Deployment
For hosting your applications, explore solutions like AWS, Cloudflare, GitHub, Fly, Heroku, and Digital Ocean.Code Quality
Quality code is a great differentiator. Leverage tools like Jest, ESLint, Selenium, SonarQube, FindBugs, and Checkstyle to ensure top-notch quality.Security
Don’t ignore the security aspects and use solutions like 1Password, LastPass, OWASP, Snyk, and Nmap.Note-taking
Your notes are a reflection of your knowledge. Streamline your note-taking with Notion, Markdown, Obsidian, Roam, Logseq, and Tiddly Wiki.Design
Elevate your visual game with design tools like Figma, Sketch, Adobe Illustrator, Canva, and Adobe Photoshop.
Over to you: Which dev tools do you use?
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10 Essential Components of a Production Web Application
It all starts with CI/CD pipelines that deploy code to the server instances. Tools like Jenkins and GitHub help over here.
The user requests originate from the web browser. After DNS resolution, the requests reach the app servers.
Load balancers and reverse proxies (such as Nginx & HAProxy) distribute user requests evenly across the web application servers.
The requests can also be served by a Content Delivery Network (CDN).
The web app communicates with backend services via APIs.
The backend services interact with database servers or distributed caches to provide the data.
Resource-intensive and long-running tasks are sent to job workers using a job queue.
The full-text search service supports the search functionality. Tools like Elasticsearch and Apache Solr can help here.
Monitoring tools (such as Sentry, Grafana, and Prometheus) store logs and help analyze data to ensure everything works fine.
In case of issues, alerting services notify developers through platforms like Slack for quick resolution.
Over to you: What other components would you add to the architecture of a production web app?
How to load your websites at lightning speed?
Check out these 8 tips to boost frontend performance:
Compression
Compress files and minimize data size before transmission to reduce network load.Selective Rendering/Windowing
Display only visible elements to optimize rendering performance. For example, in a dynamic list, only render visible items.Modular Architecture with Code Splitting
Split a bigger application bundle into multiple smaller bundles for efficient loading.Priority-Based Loading
Prioritize essential resources and visible (or above-the-fold) content for a better user experience.Pre-loading
Fetch resources in advance before they are requested to improve loading speed.Tree Shaking or Dead Code Removal
Optimize the final JS bundle by removing dead code that will never be used.Pre-fetching
Proactively fetch or cache resources that are likely to be needed soon.Dynamic Imports
Load code modules dynamically based on user actions to optimize the initial loading times.
Over to you: What other frontend performance tips would you add to this cheat sheet?
Top 8 Standards Every Developer Should Know
TCP/IP
Developed by the IETF organization, the TCP/IP protocol is the foundation of the Internet and one of the best-known networking standards.
HTTP
The IETF has also developed the HTTP protocol, which is essential for all web developers.
SQL
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific language used to manage data.
OAuth
OAuth (Open Authorization) is an open standard for access delegation commonly used to grant websites or applications limited access to user information without exposing their passwords.
HTML/CSS
With HTML, web pages are rendered uniformly across browsers, which reduces development effort spent on compatibility issues.HTML tags.
CSS standards are often used in conjunction with HTML.
ECMAScript
ECMAScript is a standardized scripting language specification that serves as the foundation for several programming languages, the most well-known being JavaScript.
ISO Date
It is common for developers to have problems with inconsistent time formats on a daily basis. ISO 8601 is a date and time format standard developed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to provide a common format for exchanging date and time data across borders, cultures, and industries.
OpenAPI
OpenAPI, also known as the OpenAPI Specification (OAS), is a standardized format for describing and documenting RESTful APIs.
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:35 - 8 Jun 2024 -
¿Puede su empresa seguir siendo global?
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En el volátil clima geopolítico actual, ¿qué les depara el futuro a las corporaciones globales? ¿Pueden las organizaciones seguir siendo globales en medio de una disminución de la cooperación mundial y el aumento de las tensiones geopolíticas? En nuestro artículo destacado, Andrew Grant, Michael Birshan, Olivia White y Ziad Haider escriben sobre cómo los líderes pueden adoptar un enfoque sistemático para crear resiliencia geopolítica. Otros temas destacados son:
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La importancia de la salud espiritual y cómo las partes interesadas, ya sean sociales, públicas o privadas, pueden explorar formas de ayudar a las personas a encontrar un propósito y un espacio para reflexionar sobre sus vidas.
•
Qué deberíamos hacer de manera diferente para elegir candidatos más fuertes y diversos para puestos de liderazgo.
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Cómo superar la fase de luna de miel de la IA generativa.
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Qué hace falta para que los directores financieros pasen de ser buenos a excelentes durante los años intermedios de su mandato.
La selección de nuestros editores
LOS DESTACADOS DE ESTE MES
En busca de uno mismo y de algo más grande: Una exploración de la salud espiritual
La encuesta global del McKinsey Health Institute a 41,000 personas revela que la salud espiritual es importante para muchos, independientemente de la edad, el país o las creencias religiosas.
Vea los resultados
Superar la fase de luna de miel de la IA generativa: Siete duras verdades para que los CIOs pasen del piloto a la escala
Llegar a escala requiere que los directores de informática se centren en menos cosas, pero que las hagan mejor.
Crezca con la IA generativa
El talento de IA generativa: Su próximo riesgo de fuga
Los usuarios activos de la IA generativa son muy valiosos y demandados y, en muchos casos, están a punto de renunciar. Un nuevo estudio revela cómo atraerlos, mantenerlos comprometidos y motivarlos para que se queden.
Lo que quieren los trabajadores
¿Por qué tantos malos jefes siguen llegando a la cima?
Narcisismo. Exceso de confianza. Baja inteligencia emocional. ¿Por qué persistimos en seleccionar rasgos de liderazgo que obstaculizan el progreso organizacional y dejamos a los potenciales líderes adecuados en los puestos equivocados?
3 pasos adelante
IA para el bien social: Mejorar vidas y proteger el planeta
A medida que la IA avanza de las capacidades predictivas a las generativas, se amplía su potencial para abordar problemas sociales definidos por los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU.
Potencial, desafíos y riesgos
Más rápidos, más inteligentes y más audaces: Cómo los CFOs aumentan la velocidad a la mitad de su mandato
Experimentados líderes financieros ofrecen consejos sobre cómo los CFOs pueden pasar de buenos a excelentes en los años intermedios de su mandato.
ReinvénteseEsperamos que disfrute de los artículos en español que seleccionamos este mes y lo invitamos a explorar también los siguientes artículos en inglés.
McKinsey Explainers
Find direct answers to complex questions, backed by McKinsey’s expert insights.
Learn more
McKinsey Themes
Browse our essential reading on the topics that matter.
Get up to speed
McKinsey on Books
Explore this month’s best-selling business books prepared exclusively for McKinsey Publishing by Circana.
See the lists
McKinsey Chart of the Day
See our daily chart that helps explain a changing world—as we strive for sustainable, inclusive growth.
Dive in
McKinsey Classics
You don’t need a formal strategy role to help shape your organization’s strategic direction. Read our 2012 classic “Becoming more strategic: Three tips for any executive” to learn more.
Rewind
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Subscribe now— Edited by Joyce Yoo, editor, New York
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Copyright © 2024 | McKinsey & Company, 3 World Trade Center, 175 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
by "Destacados de McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 08:49 - 8 Jun 2024 -
Why are so many bosses ineffective leaders?
Only McKinsey
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
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Bad bosses. Leaders aren’t always chosen based on competence or merit, Dr. Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic shares on an episode of the McKinsey Talks Talent. The author of Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders? (And How to Fix It) has found that gender is a strong predictor of who becomes a boss. Dr. Chamorro-Premuzic joined McKinsey talent leaders Brooke Weddle and Bryan Hancock on the podcast to discuss how to choose more capable and diverse leaders.
—Edited by Jana Zabkova, senior editor, New York
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:09 - 7 Jun 2024 -
A Crash Course on Content-Delivery Networks (CDN)
A Crash Course on Content-Delivery Networks (CDN)
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In the era of the modern web, latency can directly impact an organization’s bottom line.
Here are some stats from a study by Portent:
A page that loads in 1 second has a 3x higher conversion rate than a page that takes 5 seconds to load.
E-commerce conversion rates decrease by 0.3% for every second of load time.
The optimal loading time to maximize sales is less than 2 seconds.
One of the most effective strategies to reduce latency is using a Content-Delivery Network or a CDN.
A CDN is a geographically distributed network of servers that work together to deliver fast and reliable content delivery across the globe.
When a user requests content from a website or application that uses a CDN, the request is redirected to the nearest CDN server, which serves the content to the user. This reduces the distance data travels and improves overall performance.
Think of a CDN like an ATM. If money were available only from one bank branch in town, everyone would have to make a time-consuming trip to that branch. With ATMs in every locality, everyone has fast and easy access to money.
The market size for CDN-related solutions is expected to reach nearly $38 billion by 2028, with companies like Akamai, Cloudflare, and Amazon CloudFront investing heavily in improving their CDN offerings.
Why the Need for a CDN?...
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 6 Jun 2024 -
How much does spiritual health matter around the world?
Only McKinsey
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
Church and community. Actively practicing one’s religion—for instance, through attending services at churches and other houses of worship—is associated with mental health benefits, the Wall Street Journal reports. Experts and ministers state that gathering in mosques, synagogues, and similar places can give people a place to belong. Many religious groups provide opportunities to help others, which cultivates compassion and may increase mental well-being. [WSJ]
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Spiritual health. Whether found within a calling, a form of divinity, or something else, spiritual health is an important dimension of health, McKinsey partner Kana Enomoto and coauthors share. A recent McKinsey Health Institute (MHI) survey of 41,000 individuals found that regardless of age, country, or religious beliefs, spiritual health matters to many. Learning how important spiritual health is to different groups could help people understand others across the world.
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Purposeful workplaces. Spiritual health can be deeply personal, but MHI’s findings suggest that the workplace may be one of many places where individuals experience a sense of purpose and positive spiritual health. About two-thirds of Gen Z respondents, for example, said spiritual-health considerations, such as a purposeful mission statement, were “very important” or “important” when it came to selecting an employer. Consider how organizations can boost spiritual and overall health.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:47 - 6 Jun 2024 -
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-------- Forwarded Message --------Subject: ANY INQUIRY TO CHITTAGONG OR MONGLA PORT IN BANGLADESH Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2024 20:24:44 +0700 From: MD Abul Khayer <abul.k@mssmenterprise.com> To: mmccormick@contoso.com
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by "MD Abul Khayer" <abul.k@mssmenterprise.com> - 12:08 - 6 Jun 2024
