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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:20 - 1 Jun 2024 -
EP114: 7 Must-know Strategies to Scale Your Database
EP114: 7 Must-know Strategies to Scale Your Database
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
7 must-know strategies to scale your database
How do we retry on failures?
Reddit’s Core Architecture
Everything You Need to Know About Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
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7 must-know strategies to scale your database
Indexing:
Check the query patterns of your application and create the right indexes.Materialized Views:
Pre-compute complex query results and store them for faster access.Denormalization:
Reduce complex joins to improve query performance.Vertical Scaling
Boost your database server by adding more CPU, RAM, or storage.Caching
Store frequently accessed data in a faster storage layer to reduce database load.Replication
Create replicas of your primary database on different servers for scaling the reads.Sharding
Split your database tables into smaller pieces and spread them across servers. Used for scaling the writes as well as the reads.
Over to you: What other strategies do you use for scaling your databases?
How do we retry on failures?
In distributed systems and networked applications, retry strategies are crucial for handling transient errors and network instability effectively. The diagram shows 4 common retry strategies.
Linear Backoff
Linear backoff involves waiting for a progressively increasing fixed interval between retry attempts.
Advantages: Simple to implement and understand.
Disadvantages: May not be ideal under high load or in high-concurrency environments as it could lead to resource contention or "retry storms".Linear Jitter Backoff
Linear jitter backoff modifies the linear backoff strategy by introducing randomness to the retry intervals. This strategy still increases the delay linearly but adds a random "jitter" to each interval.
Advantages: The randomness helps spread out the retry attempts over time, reducing the chance of synchronized retries across instances.
Disadvantages: Although better than simple linear backoff, this strategy might still lead to potential issues with synchronized retries as the base interval increases only linearly.Exponential Backoff
Exponential backoff involves increasing the delay between retries exponentially. The interval might start at 1 second, then increase to 2 seconds, 4 seconds, 8 seconds, and so on, typically up to a maximum delay. This approach is more aggressive in spacing out retries than linear backoff.
Advantages: Significantly reduces the load on the system and the likelihood of collision or overlap in retry attempts, making it suitable for high-load environments.
Disadvantages: In situations where a quick retry might resolve the issue, this approach can unnecessarily delay the resolution.Exponential Jitter Backoff
Exponential jitter backoff combines exponential backoff with randomness. After each retry, the backoff interval is exponentially increased, and then a random jitter is applied. The jitter can be either additive (adding a random amount to the exponential delay) or multiplicative (multiplying the exponential delay by a random factor).
Advantages: Offers all the benefits of exponential backoff, with the added advantage of reducing retry collisions even further due to the introduction of jitter.
Disadvantages: The randomness can sometimes result in longer than necessary delays, especially if the jitter is significant.
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Reddit’s Core Architecture
A quick look at Reddit’s Core Architecture that helps it serve over 1 billion users every month.
This information is based on research from many Reddit engineering blogs. But since architecture is ever-evolving, things might have changed in some aspects.
The main points of Reddit’s architecture are as follows:Reddit uses a Content Delivery Network (CDN) from Fastly as a front for the application
Reddit started using jQuery in early 2009. Later on, they started using Typescript and have now moved to modern Node.js frameworks. Over the years, Reddit has also built mobile apps for Android and iOS.
Within the application stack, the load balancer sits in front and routes incoming requests to the appropriate services.
Reddit started as a Python-based monolithic application but has since started moving to microservices built using Go.
Reddit heavily uses GraphQL for its API layer. In early 2021, they started moving to GraphQL Federation, which is a way to combine multiple smaller GraphQL APIs known as Domain Graph Services (DGS). In 2022, the GraphQL team at Reddit added several new Go subgraphs for core Reddit entities thereby splitting the GraphQL monolith.
From a data storage point of view, Reddit relies on Postgres for its core data model. To reduce the load on the database, they use memcached in front of Postgres. Also, they use Cassandra quite heavily for new features mainly because of its resiliency and availability properties.
To support data replication and maintain cache consistency, Reddit uses Debezium to run a Change Data Capture process.
Expensive operations such as a user voting or submitting a link are deferred to an async job queue via RabbitMQ and processed by job workers. For content safety checks and moderation, they use Kafka to transfer data in real-time to run rules over them.
Reddit uses AWS and Kubernetes as the hosting platform for its various apps and internal services.
For deployment and infrastructure, they use Spinnaker, Drone CI, and Terraform.
Over to you: what other aspects do you know about Reddit’s architecture?
Everything You Need to Know About Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
XSS, a prevalent vulnerability, occurs when malicious scripts are injected into web pages, often through input fields. Check out the diagram below for a deeper dive into how this vulnerability emerges when user input is improperly handled and subsequently returned to the client, leaving systems vulnerable to exploitation.
Understanding the distinction between Reflective and Stored XSS is crucial. Reflective XSS involves immediate execution of the injected script, while Stored XSS persists over time, posing long-term threats. Dive into the diagrams for a comprehensive comparison of these attack vectors.
Imagine this scenario: A cunning hacker exploits XSS to clandestinely harvest user credentials, such as cookies, from their browser, potentially leading to unauthorized access and data breaches. It's a chilling reality.
But fret not! Our flyer also delves into effective mitigation strategies, empowering you to fortify your systems against XSS attacks. From input validation and output encoding to implementing strict Content Security Policies (CSP), we've got you covered.
Over to you: How can we amplify user awareness to proactively prevent falling victim to XSS attacks? Share your insights and strategies below! Let's collaboratively bolster our web defenses and foster a safer digital environment.SPONSOR US
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:35 - 1 Jun 2024 -
Preparing for a new future of work
by "McKinsey Highlights" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:33 - 1 Jun 2024 -
Lifting more people above the ‘empowerment line’
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Brought to you by Sven Smit, chair of insights and ecosystems and of the McKinsey Global Institute, & Tracy Francis, chief marketing officer
This week’s headline findings
Do these insights resonate with you? What else should we be writing about now? Tell us by emailing insightstoimpact@mckinsey.com.
With McKinsey, it’s never just tech. Find out how we apply strategy, deep domain expertise, and more to help clients outcompete with technology and transform their companies.Many people in lower- and middle-income countries have built better lives thanks to economic growth, but in wealthier countries—the McKinsey Global Institute estimates—about 20 percent of the population consistently falls below the “empowerment line,” a threshold at which people can afford necessities and start saving. That’s because essentials get more expensive as countries grow wealthier. But if all countries with pricier goods and services could cut those costs to match nations with similar income levels but cheaper necessities, about 230 million additional people could rise above the empowerment line, say senior partners Kweilin Ellingrud and Marco Piccitto and coauthors. Although the public sector would need to play its part in making this happen, the private sector can help by striving to offer affordable goods and services in housing, energy, food, healthcare, and communication.
Underdeveloped leadership is a key reason for the 80 percent failure rate of start-ups, making intentional investment in leadership development crucial. When founders delegate effectively, they not only free up their own time and energy but also empower their employees to take on more responsibility and make decisions on their own. This fosters a sense of trust and autonomy and also allows for growth and innovation within the company, say senior partners Alok Kshirsagar and Arne Gast and coauthors. Well-developed leadership has a profound impact. McKinsey research shows that organizations performing in the top quartile of leadership have almost double the EBITDA of others. But it’s a tricky balance to strike because effective leadership at a start-up needs to allow for rapid transformation while also respecting the entrepreneurial spirit that led to the start-up’s creation.
The apparel industry faces challenges due to supply chain disruptions. To thrive, brands must rethink sourcing strategies, become more efficient, collaborate with suppliers, and embrace digital solutions, say senior partners Karl-Hendrik Magnus and Patricio Ibáñez and coauthors. Apparel businesses understand the urgency and are focusing on efficiency, supply chain resilience, and sustainability, according to McKinsey’s latest global survey of apparel chief procurement officers and its annual apparel sourcing roundtable. AI can help companies analyze consumer data and market trends, allowing designers to create products that are innovative and in demand. By streamlining the design process, technology enables businesses to quickly adapt to changing consumer preferences and market conditions. Embracing digital solutions helps reduce costs and increase efficiency in supply chains. In the near term, brands should set data-driven sustainability goals, use digital tools for sourcing, and establish strong supplier relationships—practices that can help brands reinvent their supply chains and emerge stronger from current challenges.OTHER FINDINGS OF NOTE
•
Partner Chhavi Arora and coauthors note that 40 percent of the more than 80 businesses in McKinsey’s CloudSights database have found their cloud transformations to be of limited value—but the right metrics can make a big difference.
•
Partners Bengi Korkmaz and Eren Çetinkaya have laid out a scenario that Türkiye could use to reach its goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2053, which involves spending about 7 percent of GDP on energy, materials, land use, and infrastructure development over the coming decades.
•
The Internet of Things is getting more ubiquitous by the day, and the total value created by the technology could reach $12.6 trillion by 2030, according to a new McKinsey Explainer.
WHAT WE’RE READING
A recent edition of Author Talks features Marine Corps veteran and Microsoft executive Nate Boaz sharing life lessons from his new book, Running Toward Fire: Following the Warrior Path (Barbary Tavern Publishing, May 2024). Speaking with McKinsey senior partner Scott Blackburn, Boaz explains that his book is more than just a military memoir—it’s about the idea that when people serve a purpose that transcends the individual, they can achieve amazing things. Boaz explores how his two grandfathers, both World War II veterans, encouraged him to serve something bigger than himself and taught him that great leaders need to balance humility with courage—you can’t have one without the other.
— Edited by Jana Zabkova, senior editor, New York
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by "McKinsey Insights to Impact" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:46 - 31 May 2024 -
Aktiv Software || Odoo Development || Meeting Request
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:57 - 31 May 2024 -
The gen AI honeymoon can’t last forever
The Shortlist
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Curated by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
In our experience, it’s never just about the tech. Today’s top global companies are living the motto. One example: to protect against geopolitical risks, executives are breaking up the unified global technology stack, once seen as a hallowed source of value. This edition of the CEO Shortlist highlights some of the many ways that technology and strategy are really two sides of the same coin. We hope you enjoy the read.
—Liz and Homayoun
The honeymoon is over. Many companies are learning that while it’s fairly easy to build gee-whiz generative AI pilots, turning them into at-scale capabilities is much more difficult. Chief information officers (CIOs) and other leaders can use these seven guidelines to truly integrate gen AI into their business models.
Start getting real with “Moving past gen AI’s honeymoon phase: Seven hard truths for CIOs to get from pilot to scale,” by Aamer Baig, Douglas Merrill, and coauthors.Who’s the new guy? That new colleague isn’t a human being; it’s a gen AI agent, a software entity that can manage workflows, coordinate activities, use logic, and evaluate answers. And they’re developing extremely quickly: our experts believe we’re getting close to these agents becoming true virtual workers.
Learn more about your next new colleague in “The promise and reality of gen AI agents in the enterprise,” an interview featuring McKinsey senior partners Jorge Amar and Lari Hämäläinen and partner Nicolai von Bismarck.No one can do it all. In fact, only a few leaders have the expertise needed to develop, deploy, monitor, and adjust the gen AI tools required for success in the dawning new era. For everyone else, it may be time to ask for help. Strategic alliances with gen AI providers can help your organization succeed, whether you’re looking to rethink M&A strategy, boost marketing and sales, or revamp your recruiting process.
Partner up with “Strategic alliances for gen AI: How to build them and make them work,” by Alex Singla, Alexander Sukharevsky, Ben Ellencweig, and coauthors. Baby, it’s a wild world. Over the past 30 years or so, companies have expanded into markets far from home. Now, geopolitical tensions are forcing a rethink. In our view, companies can protect their people, capital, supply chains, technology, and more with an approach we call structural segmentation.
Segment and conquer with “Can your company remain global and if so, how?,” by Andrew Grant, Michael Birshan, Olivia White, and Ziad Haider.We hope you find these ideas inspiring and helpful. See you next time with four more McKinsey ideas for the CEO and others in the C-suite.
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Small businesses, video games, model makeover of telcos, and more highlights from the week
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QUOTE OF THE DAY
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—Edited by Joyce Yoo, editor, New York
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by "McKinsey Daily Read" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:20 - 31 May 2024 -
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by "Remote" <hello@remote-comms.com> - 12:15 - 31 May 2024 -
Cash is no longer Latin Americans’ preferred payment method
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•
Rapid changes. Latin America has undergone a major shift in payment preferences, and cash is no longer king in terms of how people like to pay for things—although it is still used a lot, partner Jesus Moreno and coauthors explain. According to our surveys of more than 15,000 people in Spanish-speaking Latin America, between 2021 and 2023, debit cards, credit cards, and mobile payments all gained popularity as respondents’ preferred ways to pay. Cash has lost popularity.
—Edited by Jana Zabkova, senior editor, New York
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:05 - 30 May 2024 -
A microscope on small businesses: The productivity opportunity by country
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A microscope on small businesses: The productivity opportunity by country
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:27 - 30 May 2024 -
A Crash Course on REST APIs
A Crash Course on REST APIs
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Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are the backbone of software communication.
In the acronym API, the word “Application” refers to software that performs a distinct function. An “Interface” is a contract between two applications that defines a set of rules, protocols, and methods for communication. “Programming” makes all of this possible.
APIs have been around for a long time in one form or the other:
In the 60s and 70s, we had subroutines and libraries to share code and functionality between programs.
In the 1980s, Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) emerged, allowing programs running on different computers to execute procedures on each other.
With the widespread adoption of the Internet in the 2000s, web services such as SOAP became widely adopted.
The late 2000s and early 2010s marked the rise of RESTful APIs, which have since become the dominant approach due to their simplicity and scalability.
In recent years, the API-first approach to software development has gained significant traction, driven by the emphasis on building loosely coupled services. REST APIs, in particular, have emerged as the go-to choice for developers worldwide.
In this post, we will explore the world of REST APIs and cover basic to advanced concepts.
Introduction to REST APIs...
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 30 May 2024 -
What makes successful chiefs of staff tick?
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Executing the mission. Originally established in the White House, the chief of staff role has become a mainstay in C-suites across the world. The chief of staff’s primary purpose is to see that the CEO’s mission is executed, says McKinsey senior partner Andrew Goodman and coauthors. In the process of serving their principals, chiefs of staff can also pick up skills and knowledge to advance their own careers, the authors note.
—Edited by Jermey Matthews, editor, Boston
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:49 - 30 May 2024
