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by "Remote" <hello@remote-comms.com> - 08:00 - 6 Feb 2025 -
Provide power solutions and tender for various power projects
Hi info,
This is Mulang Electric,a company focus on Low voltage-ATS,MCCB,MCB,ACB,SPD. We work with organizations like Schneider,Siemens,ABB to Joint development of low-voltage electrical products.
Provide power solutions and tender for various power projects.
Our products are of top quality and help my clients increase sales by offering new and unique designs to capture the market and win projects. The benefit for our clients is that they can get more and more clients and projects.
Could you direct me to the right person to talk to about this so we can explore if this would be something valuable to incorporate into your projects?
Kind regards,
Mulang Electric
by "sales2" <sales2@ml-ele.com> - 02:06 - 6 Feb 2025 -
Navigating Rapidly Changing Technologies
Hey MD,
Keeping up with the constant evolution of observability solutions can be overwhelming. I've been collaborating with teams who've found effective ways to stay current without compromising their productivity.
They've successfully:- Implemented strategies to evaluate and adopt new technologies efficiently
- Created learning paths that keep their teams up-to-date with minimal disruption
- Utilized observability tools to understand the impact of new technologies on their systems
We're eager to share some insights that have worked for others. Could we schedule a quick chat early next week?
Best regards,ThomasSolutions ConsultantNew Relic
If you don't want to hear from me again, please let me know.
by "Thomas Sampassa-Ilunga" <tilunga@newrelic.com> - 12:44 - 6 Feb 2025 -
Mastering Idempotency: Building Reliable APIs
Mastering Idempotency: Building Reliable APIs
Idempotency is the property of an operation that ensures performing the same action multiple times produces the same outcome as doing it once.͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreLatest articles
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Idempotency is the property of an operation that ensures performing the same action multiple times produces the same outcome as doing it once.
In the context of APIs, this means a client can send the same request multiple times without causing unintended consequences, such as duplicate entries or repeated side effects.
For example:
When a user initiates an online payment but experiences a timeout due to network issues, the payment API is called again as part of the retry mechanism. Without idempotency, the user might be charged multiple times for the same transaction.
A customer adds items to their cart and places an order. However, due to a slow internet connection, they hit the "Place Order" button repeatedly. Without idempotency, multiple identical orders might be created, leading to duplicate shipments and inventory mismanagement.
If a user registers for a service but the confirmation page doesn’t load properly, they are prompted to submit the registration form again. Without idempotency, duplicate user accounts might be created.
Idempotency is critical for reliability and consistency due to the following reasons:
Network issues can cause API requests to fail or time out. In such cases, clients often retry requests to ensure the operation succeeds. Without idempotency, retries can lead to undesired duplication or data corruption.
Idempotent operations help manage race conditions where multiple requests might be processed simultaneously.
Idempotency provides predictability and stability, ensuring that users don’t encounter inconsistent or erroneous outcomes
In this article, we’ll understand how idempotency works in API Design and investigate multiple strategies to implement idempotency in real-world applications.
Idempotency in API Design...
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 6 Feb 2025 -
Unlocking the next frontier of personalized marketing
5 elements Brought to you by Greg Kelly (Greg_Kelly@McKinsey.com), global leader of McKinsey’s Growth, Marketing & Sales Practice
New from McKinsey Quarterly
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 10:56 - 6 Feb 2025 -
App Solutions
Hi,I hope all is well.I can create a mobile app for your business on iOS and Android platforms. Do you plan on developing a mobile app for your business? We have intensive experience in creating apps for:Travel & Tourism App, Taxi Apps, Finance Apps, Insurance app, Real Estate Apps, Printing App, Restaurants Apps, Fashion Apps, Health Fitness Apps, Coaching App, Events Apps, Food Delivery Apps, Logistics Apps, News Magazine Apps, Payments iOS android, Mobile App, Custom Web Apps…etc.Do you need a great App adjusted or built from scratch?If you are interested in any Mobile App.please share your requirement and contact details.Kind regards,Quasar
by "Quasar Jain" <Quasarjain.0@outlook.com> - 08:03 - 6 Feb 2025-
Re: App Solutions
Hey,
Hope you are doing well!!!!
I am still waiting for your response. Please let me know more details about your requirements or we can connect on a call for a brief discussion please let me know your comfortable time to connect.Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
From: Quasar Jain
Sent: Thursday, February 6, 2025 6:31 PM
Subject: App SolutionsHi,I hope all is well.I can create a mobile app for your business on iOS and Android platforms. Do you plan on developing a mobile app for your business? We have intensive experience in creating apps for:Travel & Tourism App, Taxi Apps, Finance Apps, Insurance app, Real Estate Apps, Printing App, Restaurants Apps, Fashion Apps, Health Fitness Apps, Coaching App, Events Apps, Food Delivery Apps, Logistics Apps, News Magazine Apps, Payments iOS android, Mobile App, Custom Web Apps…etc.Do you need a great App adjusted or built from scratch?If you are interested in any Mobile App.please share your requirement and contact details.Kind regards,Quasar
by "Quasar Jain" <Quasarjain.0@outlook.com> - 09:18 - 10 Feb 2025
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LEAP 2.0: Your roadmap to smarter API governance
LEAP 2.0: Your roadmap to smarter API governance
Join our growing list of industry leaders at LEAP 2.0 - where API governance meets innovationHi Md Abul,
LEAP 2.0: The API governance conference, happening on February 27, 2025, is shaping up to be the go-to event for tackling complex API challenges. We've just announced new speakers, and we're busy lining up practical, forward-thinking sessions to help you solve today's biggest API headaches.The full agenda will be announced next week, but here's a peek of what we'll be discussing:
- Federated APIM: Scale APIs without sacrificing control
- AI-powered API governance: Smarter tools, fewer bottlenecks
- API security: Stay one step ahead of threats, from design to deployment
- API observability: Gain real-time insights to keep your APIs running smoothly
- API automation: Streamline workflows and spend less time on manual fixes
- Industry best practices: How real companies solve API sprawl and compliance headaches
Experts like Kin Lane, James Higginbotham, and Abby Bangser will be sharing their real-world insights on how to scale governance without holding back innovation.
These are the kinds of strategies that’ll actually make a difference - and your team will thank you for bringing them back!
Event details:
📅 Date: February 27, 2025
🕘 Time: 9 AM - 3 PM ET | 2 PM - 8 PM GMT
See you there!
The LEAP 2.0 teamTyk, Huckletree 199 Bishopsgate, Broadgate, London, City of London EC2M 3TY, United Kingdom, +44 (0)20 3409 1911
by "Budhaditya Bhattacharya" <budha@tyk.io> - 06:01 - 6 Feb 2025 -
How can businesses become more resilient?
On McKinsey Perspectives
A resilience pulse check Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:19 - 6 Feb 2025 -
Are You Reaching the Third Stage of Digital Transformation?
Are You Reaching the Third Stage of Digital Transformation?
Hi MD Abul,
What does “Third Stage” really mean in the world of ERP and digital transformation?
Too many organizations get stuck in the first two stages—selecting software and struggling through implementation—without ever realizing the full benefits of their investment. However, those who reach the third stage achieve true business transformation, process optimization, and measurable ROI.
In this blog, I break down what it takes to reach this critical stage and why so many organizations fall short. Don’t let your transformation stall—discover the key strategies to success.Best regards,
Eric Kimberling
Third Stage Consulting 384 Inverness Pkwy Suite Englewood Colorado
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by "Eric Kimberling" <eric.kimberling@thirdstage-consulting.com> - 06:05 - 5 Feb 2025 -
Re: Let’s Partner – Scale Your SEO & PPC Services
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I hope you're doing well.
We’d love to explore a channel partnership with your agency to help you scale SEO, PPC, and SMO services. Our team has successfully worked with 500+ businesses, delivering top rankings, high-ROI paid campaigns, and strong social media engagement.
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by "Mia" <somya.intech1@gmail.com> - 05:39 - 5 Feb 2025 -
The evolution of SaaS
On McKinsey Perspectives
Get ahead of disruptions Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
Slowing growth. Software as a service (SaaS), or cloud-hosted software programs that users can access on the web, experienced rapid growth as the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated many organizations’ migrations to the cloud. Between 2011 and 2018, the software industry’s market capitalization increased at double the overall market rate, McKinsey Senior Partners Chandra Gnanasambandam and Jeremy Schneider and coauthors note. However, SaaS’s growth has slowed in recent years as businesses have cut back on their IT spending.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:29 - 5 Feb 2025 -
Major announcements coming next week at SAP Business Unleashed
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HenkelBe among the first to hear the hot-off-the-press announcements on SAP’s bold new vision. Grab a front row seat to explore the next era of enterprise management and discover how SAP combines AI, data, and applications like never before to unleash your full potential and make you unstoppable.
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You won’t want to miss this –
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If you can’t make the live webinar, please be sure
to register anyway and we’ll send you the replaySAP (Legal Disclosure | SAP)
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by "SAP Business Unleashed" <sap@mailsap.com> - 11:08 - 4 Feb 2025 -
How Google Spanner Powers Trillions of Rows with 5 Nines Availability
How Google Spanner Powers Trillions of Rows with 5 Nines Availability
How to monitor AWS container environments at scale (Sponsored)͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreHow to monitor AWS container environments at scale (Sponsored)
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Disclaimer: The details in this post have been derived from Google Blogs and Research Papers. All credit for the technical details goes to the Google engineering team. The links to the original articles are present in the references section at the end of the post. We’ve attempted to analyze the details and provide our input about them. If you find any inaccuracies or omissions, please leave a comment, and we will do our best to fix them.
Cloud Spanner is a revolutionary database system developed by Google that uniquely combines the strengths of traditional relational databases with the scalability typically associated with NoSQL systems.
Designed to handle massive workloads across multiple regions, Cloud Spanner provides a globally distributed, strongly consistent, and highly available platform for data management. Its standout feature is its ability to offer SQL-based queries and relational database structures while achieving horizontal scalability. This makes it suitable for modern, high-demand applications.
Here are some features of Cloud Spanner:
A multi-version database that uses synchronous replication to ensure data durability and availability even in the case of regional failures.
Use of TrueTime, a technology that integrates GPS and atomic clocks to provide a globally consistent timeline.
Spanner simplifies data management by offering a familiar SQL interface for queries while handling the complexities of distributed data processing under the hood.
Spanner partitions its data into contiguous key ranges, called splits, which are dynamically resharded to balance the load and optimize performance.
Overall, Google Spanner is a powerful solution for enterprises that need a database capable of handling global-scale operations while maintaining the robustness and reliability of traditional relational systems.
In this article, we’ll learn about Google Cloud Spanner's architecture and how it supports the various capabilities that make it a compelling database option.
The Architecture of Cloud Spanner
The architecture of Cloud Spanner is designed to support its role as a globally distributed, highly consistent, and scalable database.
At the highest level, Spanner is organized into what is called a universe, a logical entity that spans multiple physical or logical locations known as zones.
Each zone operates semi-independently and contains spanservers. These are specialized servers that handle data storage and transactional operations. Spanservers are built on concepts from Bigtable, Google’s earlier distributed storage system, and include enhancements to support complex transactional needs and multi-versioned data.
Some of the key architectural components of Spanner are as follows:
1 - Data Sharding and Tablets
Cloud Spanner manages data by breaking it into smaller chunks called tablets, distributed across multiple spanservers.
Each tablet holds data as key-value pairs, with a timestamp for versioning. This structure allows Spanner to act as a multi-version database where old versions of data can be accessed if needed.
Tablets are stored on Colossus, Google’s distributed file system. Colossus provides fault-tolerant and high-performance storage, enabling Spanner to scale storage independently of compute resources.
2 - Dynamic Partitioning
Data within tables is divided into splits, which are ranges of contiguous keys. These splits can be dynamically adjusted based on workload or size.
When a split grows too large or experiences high traffic, it is automatically divided into smaller splits and redistributed across spanservers. This process, known as dynamic sharding, ensures even load distribution and optimal performance.
Each split is replicated across zones for redundancy and fault tolerance.
3 - Paxos-Based Replication
Spanner uses the Paxos consensus algorithm to manage replication across multiple zones. Each split has multiple replicas, and Paxos ensures that these replicas remain consistent.
Among these replicas, one is chosen as the leader, responsible for managing all write transactions for that split. The leader coordinates updates to ensure they are applied in a consistent order.
If the leader fails, Paxos elects a new leader, ensuring continued availability without manual intervention. The replicas not serving as leaders can handle read operations, reducing the workload on the leader and improving scalability.
4 - Multi-Zone Deployments
Spanner instances span multiple zones within a region, with replicas distributed across these zones. This setup enhances availability because even if one zone fails, other zones can continue serving requests.
For global deployments, data can be replicated across continents, providing low-latency access to users worldwide.
5 - Colossus Distributed File System
All data is stored on Colossus, which is designed for distributed and replicated file storage. Colossus ensures high durability by replicating data across physical machines, making it resilient to hardware failures.
The file system is decoupled from the compute resources, allowing the database to scale independently and perform efficiently.
Paxos Mechanism in Spanner
The Paxos Mechanism is a critical component of Spanner’s architecture.
It operates on the principle of distributed consensus, where a group of replicas (known as a Paxos group) agrees on a single value, such as a transaction's commit or the leader responsible for handling updates.
The leadership assignment works as follows:
Each split of data (a contiguous range of keys) is associated with a Paxos group that spans multiple zones.
One replica in the Paxos group is designated as the leader. The leader handles all write operations for its split, ensuring that updates are coordinated.
Other replicas serve as followers, which can process read requests to offload work from the leader and improve performance.
The key responsibilities of the Paxos Leader are as follows:
Handling Writes: The leader receives write requests and ensures they are replicated to a majority of the Paxos group before being committed. This replication process ensures the durability and consistency of the data, even if some replicas fail.
Maintaining Order: The leader assigns timestamps to transactions using TrueTime for a globally consistent ordering of writes.
Communication with Followers: The leader coordinates updates by broadcasting proposals to the followers and collecting acknowledgments.
Failures are inevitable in distributed systems, but Paxos ensures that Spanner remains available and consistent despite such issues.
If the current leader fails due to a machine or zone outage, the Paxos group detects the failure and elects a new leader. The new leader is chosen from the remaining replicas in the Paxos group. This process avoids downtime and ensures that the data remains accessible.
Read and Write Transactions in Spanner
Cloud Spanner manages transactions with a robust approach that ensures strong consistency, reliability, and high performance.
Let’s look at how write and read transactions work in more detail:
1 - Write Transactions
Write transactions in Cloud Spanner are designed to guarantee atomicity (all-or-nothing execution) and consistency (all replicas agree on the data). These transactions are managed by Paxos leaders coordinating the process to ensure data integrity even during failures.
Here are the steps involved in the process:
Acquiring Locks: Before making changes, the Paxos leader for a split acquires a write lock on the rows being modified. If another transaction holds a conflicting lock, the current transaction will wait until the lock is released.
Assigning Timestamps via TrueTime: TrueTime assigns a globally consistent timestamp to the transaction. This timestamp guarantees that the transaction’s changes are applied in the correct order relative to other transactions. The timestamp is greater than any previously committed transaction, ensuring temporal consistency.
Durability with Majority Replication: Once the leader has locked the data and assigned a timestamp, it sends the transaction details to a majority of replicas in its Paxos group. The transaction is only considered committed after the majority acknowledges it, guaranteeing the data is durable even if some replicas fail.
Commit Wait: The leader waits for a brief period to ensure that the commit timestamp is in the past for all replicas. This step makes sure that once the transaction is committed, all subsequent reads will reflect its effects.
There is some difference in the way Spanner handles single-split write versus multi-split write.
For example, in a single-split write, suppose a user wants to add a row with ID 7 and value "Seven" to a table.
The Spanner API identifies the split containing ID 7 and sends the request to its Paxos leader.
The leader acquires a lock on ID 7, assigns a timestamp via TrueTime, and replicates the changes to a majority of replicas.
After ensuring the timestamp has passed, the transaction is committed, and all replicas apply the change.
However, for a multi-split write, if a transaction modifies rows in multiple splits (for example, writing to rows 2000, 3000, and 4000), Spanner uses a two-phase commit protocol:
Each split becomes a participant in the transaction, and one split’s leader acts as the coordinator.
The coordinator ensures all participants acquire locks and agree to commit the transaction before proceeding.
Once all participants confirm, the coordinator commits the transaction and informs the others to apply the changes.
2 - Read Transactions
Read transactions in Spanner are optimized for speed and scalability. They provide strong consistency without requiring locks, which allows reads to be processed efficiently even under high workloads.
The different types of reads are as follows:
Strong Reads: These reads always return the latest committed data. The system ensures consistency by verifying the latest timestamp of the data using TrueTime. For example, if a client requests a value for row ID 1000, the system routes the request to a replica, which checks with the leader to confirm the data is up-to-date before returning the result.
Stale Reads: These reads allow a small degree of staleness (for example, data up to 10 seconds old) in exchange for lower latency. For instance, a client requesting a slightly older value for row ID 1000 can get the data directly from a replica without waiting for confirmation from the leader, speeding up the process.
See the diagram below that shows the strong consistent read scenario.
Also, the diagram below shows the stale reads scenario.
3 - Deadlock Prevention
Spanner avoids deadlocks—a situation where two or more transactions wait for each other to release locks—by using the wound-wait algorithm. Here’s how it works:
If a younger transaction (started later) requests a lock held by an older transaction, it waits.
If an older transaction requests a lock held by a younger one, the younger transaction is wounded (aborted) to allow the older one to proceed.
This strategy ensures that transactions always make progress and deadlock cycles do not occur.
4 - Reliability and Durability
Spanner’s design ensures that data remains consistent and available even during failures.
All writes are stored in Google’s Colossus distributed file system, which replicates data across multiple physical machines. Even if one machine or zone fails, the data can be recovered from other replicas.
TrueTime ensures that all transactions occur in a globally consistent order, even in a distributed environment. This guarantees that once a transaction is visible to one client, it is visible to all clients.
The TrueTime API
The TrueTime API is one of the key innovations in Cloud Spanner, enabling it to function as a globally distributed, strongly consistent database.
TrueTime solves one of the most challenging problems in distributed systems: providing a globally synchronized and consistent view of time across all nodes in a system, even those spread across multiple regions and data centers.
TrueTime is based on a combination of atomic clocks and GPS clocks, which work together to provide highly accurate and reliable time synchronization.
By using both atomic and GPS clocks, TrueTime mitigates the weaknesses of each system. For example:
If GPS signals are disrupted, atomic clocks ensure accurate timekeeping.
Conversely, GPS clocks help correct any long-term drift in atomic clocks.
Here’s how it works:
Atomic Clocks: These devices measure time-based on the vibrations of atoms, providing highly precise timekeeping with minimal drift. Atomic clocks serve as a reliable backup when GPS signals are unavailable or inaccurate.
GPS Clocks: These clocks rely on signals from satellites to provide accurate time information. GPS clocks are useful because they offer a globally synchronized source of time. However, GPS systems can experience issues such as interference, antenna failures, or even spoofing attacks.
Time Representation and Uncertainty
TrueTime represents time as an interval instead of a single point, explicitly acknowledging the uncertainty inherent in distributed systems.
TTInterval: TrueTime provides a time range, [earliest, latest], which guarantees that the actual global time falls somewhere within this range. The width of the interval is determined by factors such as clock drift and network delays.
Error Bound and Synchronization: The uncertainty interval is kept small (typically under 10 milliseconds) through frequent synchronization. Each server in the system synchronizes its local clock with the time masters (atomic and GPS clocks) approximately every 30 seconds.
Key Features Enabled By TrueTime
TrueTime provides some important features that make it so useful:
Global External Consistency: TrueTime ensures that transactions are serialized in the same global order across all replicas. This is critical for maintaining consistency in a distributed database. For example, if one transaction commits before another transaction starts, TrueTime guarantees the timestamps reflect this order globally.
Lock-Free Transactions: TrueTime allows Spanner to perform lock-free read-only requests. These transactions can access consistent snapshots of data without needing locks, improving scalability and performance.
Atomic Schema Updates: Schema changes, such as altering a table structure, are challenging in distributed systems because they often involve many servers. With TrueTime, schema updates are treated as transactions with a specific timestamp, ensuring that all servers apply the change consistently.
Historical Reads: TrueTime enables snapshot reads, where clients can specify a timestamp to read a consistent view of the database as it existed at that time. This is useful for audits or debugging.
Conclusion
Google Spanner stands as a great achievement in database engineering, seamlessly blending the reliability and structure of traditional relational databases with the scalability and global availability often associated with NoSQL systems.
Its innovative architecture, supported by the Paxos consensus mechanism and the TrueTime API, provides a great foundation for handling distributed transactions, ensuring external consistency, and maintaining high performance at a global scale.
Ultimately, Google Spanner redefines what is possible in distributed database systems, setting a standard for scalability, reliability, and innovation.
References:
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 4 Feb 2025 -
The future of leadership: Get the latest issue of the McKinsey Quarterly
Explore the issue The second of four special issues celebrating the 60th birthday of McKinsey Quarterly, “The future of leadership,” explores the evolving leader. In the cover story, “The art of 21st-century leadership: From succession planning to building a leadership factory,” McKinsey’s Bob Sternfels, Daniel Pacthod, Kurt Strovink, and Wyman Howard explain why today’s leadership model differs from the past, and synthesize the character, craft, and structure needed for leaders to succeed in today’s volatile atmosphere. You’ll also find a look into how to upgrade your personal operating model, questions every CEO should be able to answer, the tenth anniversary of the Women in the Workplace report, and much more.
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by "McKinsey Quarterly" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 10:36 - 4 Feb 2025 -
Luxury in 2025: What do experts predict for the industry this year?
On McKinsey Perspectives
5 strategic imperatives Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
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Slowing growth. The luxury industry has done well in the past five years, with luxury brands outperforming global markets and setting new profitability records. In 2025, though, luxury faces a significant slowdown. For the first time since 2016 (excluding 2020), the industry is expected to create less value than it did in the previous year, explain McKinsey Senior Partners Anita Balchandani and Gemma D’Auria and their coauthor.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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Increase the performance of your AWS environment with New Relic
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Demographic shifts in the workforce: A leader’s guide
Leading Off
Adapt and adjust Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Leading Off. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
Of late, leaders have paid much attention to Gen Z’s entrance into the workforce, seeking to learn more about their youngest employees’ attitudes and motivations. But the future of work is not just a youth movement. Massive demographic shifts, such as increasing longevity and tightening labor markets, are expected to result in a growing share of older employees in the workforce. To account for these shifts and maintain growth, organizations will need to develop new strategies to boost productivity and increase labor intensity. This week, we look at how leaders can address the challenges of an aging workforce as the population transforms.
With fertility rates falling and people living longer, the world’s population is growing older—and changing the face of the workforce. The share of older people in the workforce will likely increase as the traditional working-age population (ages 15 to 64) shrinks, according to a McKinsey Global Institute report from McKinsey’s Anu Madgavkar, Chris Bradley, Olivia White, Sven Smit, and coauthors. Their analysis found that the first wave of this demographic shift is already occurring in advanced economies and China, where the share of working-age people is predicted to drop to 59 percent in 2050, compared with 67 percent today. The authors say that organizations should find ways to tailor their work practices to gain a competitive advantage. “With more older people in their workforces, businesses will need to adapt career planning, reorganize teams, encourage lifelong learning, and expand and adjust retraining programs,” they observe.
That’s the percentage of older adults (those aged 55 and older) who report being employed and also in good or very good health, according to a McKinsey Health Institute survey of more than 21,000 older adults across 21 countries. By comparison, 65 percent of respondents who are not employed (but want to be) report being in good or very good health. McKinsey senior partner Hemant Ahlawat and coauthors note that participating in social activities—such as volunteering, engaging in community programs, and furthering their education—also aligns with better-perceived health in older adults.
That’s McKinsey partner Bryan Hancock on how technology can help address worker shortages in skilled trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, and building. Workers in the United States are retiring later, in part because work is less physically demanding—but not in the skilled trades. In an episode of the McKinsey Talks Talent podcast, Hancock notes that automating some tasks can help reduce the physical toll on tradespeople and keep them on the job longer. At the same time, he says, employers will also need to help older workers feel engaged and find meaning in their work.
Gen Z workers love AI, while Gen Xers and baby boomers worry that the technology will take their jobs. Fair assumptions, right? Not according to a survey that found that a larger share of younger people fear the impact of AI at work, compared with their older peers who have already lived through tech-led transformations and changes in the workplace. This can serve as a good reminder for leaders to avoid buying into generational stereotypes. In a McKinsey survey of more than 30,000 global workers, senior partner Aaron De Smet and coauthors found that people’s expectations and needs at work are largely similar across age groups. Rather than focusing on broad generational labels, the authors say organizations should “take action on the factors that nearly all employees want—namely, compensation, career development, caring leadership, flexibility, and meaningful work—while appreciating the nuances of how they want them.”
Lead by supporting older workers.
— Edited by Eric Quiñones, senior editor, New York
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by "McKinsey Leading Off" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:14 - 3 Feb 2025