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EP140: HTTP/1 -> HTTP/2 -> HTTP/3
EP140: HTTP/1 -> HTTP/2 -> HTTP/3
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HTTP/1 -> HTTP/2 -> HTTP/3
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Pessimistic vs Optimistic Locking
Locks are essential to maintain data consistency and integrity in multi-user environments. They prevent simultaneous modifications that can lead to data inconsistencies.
Pessimistic locking assumes conflicts will occur and locks the data before any changes are made. It prevents other users from accessing and updating the data until the lock is released.
Optimistic locking assumes conflicts are rare. It allows multiple users to access data simultaneously and checks for conflicts when changes are committed. If a conflict is detected, the operation is rolled back.
Some best practices to consider:Hold locks for the minimum possible time to reduce contention.
Apply locks at the most granular level such as rows rather than tables.
Implement retry logic for transactions that fail due to conflicts.
Pessimistic locking is better for data integrity but can impact performance.
Optimistic locking is better for efficiency and performance.
Over to you: Which locking mechanism have you used?
Explaining JSON Web Token (JWT) with simple terms
Imagine you have a special box called a JWT. Inside this box, there are three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature.
The header is like the label on the outside of the box. It tells us what type of box it is and how it's secured. It's usually written in a format called JSON, which is just a way to organize information using curly braces { } and colons : .
The payload is like the actual message or information you want to send. It could be your name, age, or any other data you want to share. It's also written in JSON format, so it's easy to understand and work with.
Now, the signature is what makes the JWT secure. It's like a special seal that only the sender knows how to create. The signature is created using a secret code, kind of like a password. This signature ensures that nobody can tamper with the contents of the JWT without the sender knowing about it.
When you want to send the JWT to a server, you put the header, payload, and signature inside the box. Then you send it over to the server. The server can easily read the header and payload to understand who you are and what you want to do.
Over to you: When should we use JWT for authentication? What are some other authentication methods?HTTP/1 -> HTTP/2 -> HTTP/3
HTTP 1 started in 1996 followed by HTTP 1.1 the very next year. In 2015, HTTP 2 came about and in 2019 we got HTTP 3.
With each iteration, the protocol has evolved in new and interesting ways.HTTP 1 (and its sub-versions) introduced features like persistent connections, pipelining, and the concept of headers. The protocol was built on top of TCP and provided a reliable way of communication over the World Wide Web. It is still used despite being over 25 years old.
HTTP 2 brought new features such as multiplexing, stream prioritization, server push, and HPACK compression. However, it still used TCP as the underlying protocol.
HTTP 3 uses Google’s QUIC, which is built on top of UDP. In other words, HTTP 3 has moved away from TCP.
Over to you: What would you add to understand the evolution of HTTP over the years?
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:34 - 29 Nov 2024 -
How to surf the geopolitical waves
The Shortlist
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Curated by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of the CEO Shortlist, a biweekly newsletter of our best ideas for the C-suite. This week, we feature our latest thinking on how to successfully navigate geopolitical instability. We appreciate the opportunity to connect and hope you find our perspectives novel and insightful. Please let us know what you think! You can reach us at Alex_Panas@mckinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@mckinsey.com. Thank you.
—Alex and Axel
You may not care about geopolitics—but geopolitics cares about you. So said Western intelligence agencies in a recent briefing to CEOs. Generational shifts in the global order are well under way. And, according to the latest McKinsey Global Survey on economic conditions, business leaders today view geopolitical tensions as the biggest risk to growth. Political differences have already complicated economic relationships: trade interventions worldwide have surged 12-fold since 2010.
The savviest business leaders approach uncertainty with caution—and a healthy dash of curiosity. Today’s geopolitical shifts present not only risks to mitigate but opportunities to seize, argue Cindy Levy, Shubham Singhal, and Matt Watters in a new article. They highlight ten value drivers leaders can explore amid geopolitical shifts and explain how a proactive approach to geopolitics can help organizations safeguard operations and capture emerging opportunities.
We hope you find these ideas inspiring and helpful. See you next time with more McKinsey ideas for the CEO and others in the C-suite.Share these insights
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by "McKinsey CEO Shortlist" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 05:01 - 29 Nov 2024 -
Stateless Architecture: The Key to Building Scalable and Resilient Systems
Stateless Architecture: The Key to Building Scalable and Resilient Systems
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In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, developers face the constant challenge of building applications that are not only robust and secure but also infinitely scalable.
At the heart of this challenge lies a fundamental architectural decision: how to handle the application state. The state is your application's memory—every user session, shopping cart, and authentication token that makes personalized digital experiences possible.
The journey from stateful to stateless architectures represents one of the most important shifts in modern system design.
Traditional stateful applications dominated the early 2000s and directly maintained user sessions and data on application servers. While this approach of keeping everything in one place seemed logical initially, it created significant challenges as applications scaled to serve millions of users worldwide.
Consider an e-commerce platform handling Black Friday sales. In a stateful architecture, each server will need to maintain session information for thousands of users, leading to complex load-balancing requirements and potential session loss if a server fails. Modern stateless architectures, however, externalize this state, allowing any server to handle any request, dramatically simplifying scaling and improving reliability.
Several converging factors have led to the industry’s embrace of stateless architecture:
The rise of cloud computing has made horizontal scaling not just possible but economically advantageous.
The shift from SOAP-based services to REST and GraphQL APIs, which are inherently stateless.
Microservices architectures, which break down monolithic applications into smaller, independent services, have become the norm rather than the exception. These services must be stateless to maintain independence and scalability.
In this article, we’ll explore the principles, implementation strategies, and best practices of stateless architecture.
What is Stateless Architecture...
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Don’t miss our webinar on building a composable API platform!
Don’t miss our webinar on building a composable API platform!
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Would you like to know how to build a composable API platform that harnesses the power of OAS, OAuth and OTel? Then join our webinar on December 5th!
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No matter which sector you operate in, you can take this knowledge back to your business and get ready to design an API platform that helps fuel your success.
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by "McKinsey Quarterly" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:32 - 27 Nov 2024 -
What do many executives overlook about challenging geopolitical conditions?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
Risks and opportunities. No company has been immune to the effects of geopolitics, but for decades, these concerns have tended to take a back seat to others. Today, however, CEOs and boards understand that the global order is shifting and will be for the foreseeable future. According to McKinsey’s Cindy Levy, Shubham Singhal, and Matt Watters, what many leaders have not yet contended with are the business opportunities that geopolitical shifts present, concentrating instead only on the risks these issues pose.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:23 - 27 Nov 2024 -
A Crash Course on Using AI to Save Time and Focus on What Matters
A Crash Course on Using AI to Save Time and Focus on What Matters
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreA Crash Course on Using AI to Save Time and Focus on What Matters
7 steps to level up your AI prompts and 8 of my favorite AI use cases for work
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This is a guest post from my friend Peter Yang. Peter uses AI extensively to balance his full-time job, newsletter, and two kids, so I think you’ll love his practical tips:
Hey there! Peter here.
I've spent hundreds of hours experimenting with AI to save time at work. So today, I want to share an extremely practical guide with:
7 steps to craft a great AI prompt
8 of my favorite AI use cases at work
If you find this valuable, get my personal AI prompt library to help you save hours every week by copying what’s already working for me. Get 20% off the annual plan of my newsletter (until Black Friday) to unlock it and all my other AI guides.
Ok, enough Black Friday talk. Let’s dive in 👇
7 steps to craft a great AI prompt
Here’s how I usually adopt AI at work:
I start working on a super annoying and repetitive task.
I try to use 1-line prompts to get AI to do the work for me.
After struggling with lazy prompting, I finally decide to write a great prompt.
So, what makes a great AI prompt? Well, it usually includes these 7 steps:
Give AI a specific role and task: e.g., “You’re an expert editor…your task is to…”
Give specific instructions: e.g., “Follow these steps carefully…”
Include examples: e.g., “Analyze the <examples> to understand my style…”
Use XML tags for structure: e.g., “<data></data> and <prompt></prompt>.” Putting data before the instructions can improve AI’s response quality by 30%.
Give AI space to think (chain of thought): e.g., “In <thinking> tags, describe the key aspects of the edits you will make.”
Ask for variations: e.g., “Give me three variations.”
Add constraints: e.g., “Limit to 500 words.”
For example, here’s a prompt that I use to create PRDs from notes and discussions:
<reference> Paste in my PRD template here </reference> <instructions> You are a senior product leader and a clear written communicator. Your task is to help transform my rough notes into a great PRD. Please follow these steps carefully: 1. Analyze the <reference> to understand my desired style and format. In <thinking> tags, summarize the key characteristics of my PRD template. 2. Ask me to share my notes next. 3. Structure the PRD as follows: a) Problem: Clearly describe: Who is the customer? What is the customer's problem? How do we know that this is a problem? b) Goals: Include 1 goal metric and 2-3 input metrics. c) Solution: Clearly describe the solution and milestones. For each milestone, write concise user stories in first person view ("I see...", "I can...") with nested bullet points describing how the feature works. 4. Limit the PRD to 2-3 pages max 5. Present your response using: <draft_prd> tags for the structured document <follow_up> tags for follow-up items Ask me for more information if you need it. Be as clear, concise, and specific as possible. </instructions>If you only remember one thing from this section, make it this:
The most important step in writing a great AI prompt is to include examples.
Anyone can write a prompt to “make a viral social post” or “edit a newsletter.” But the magic happens when you show AI exactly what “viral” and “good” means.
That’s why I included my best examples in my personal AI prompt library:
Whenever I write a new AI prompt these days, I subconsciously include examples (along with XML tags, chain of thought, etc) to make it great. So keep these seven tips in mind as we explore my favorite AI use cases for work below.
8 favorite AI use cases for work
Since you’re reading ByteByteGo, I’m sure you’ve tried using AI coding tools like Cursor to ship faster. So today, I want to instead talk about how AI can solve some of the more annoying problems that we all run into at work:
1. Catch up on Slack threads
Nothing gives me a bigger headache than getting tagged on a 70+ message Slack thread with zero context. So, instead of reading the full thread, I use AI to summarize the takeaways, action items, and next steps:
<data> [Slack thread] </data> <instructions> You're a senior product leader who excels at synthesis. Your goal is to extract the key points from this Slack thread: - Takeaways - Action items and owners - Open questions Use quotes where relevant. Keep it under 250 words. </instructions>2. Summarize user feedback
I believe in building with customers, but manually parsing raw user feedback (e.g., Discord channels, forums, surveys) can take hours. Here’s a prompt that I use to get the insights in minutes instead:
<data> [Customer interviews/surveys/community posts] </data> <instructions> You're an experienced user researcher. Extract the following from this feedback: - Key pain points (with supporting quotes) - Prioritized list of feature requests Use nested bullets with clear headlines. </instructions>3. Learn new topics fast
My favorite way to learn a new topic is from a YouTube explainer video. But I’m too lazy to watch hour-long videos, so I use AI instead to get the takeaways instead:
Click “Show transcript” under a YouTube video
Copy and paste the transcript into AI with the following prompt:
<data> [Video transcript] </data> <instructions> You're amazing at extracting insights from long video transcripts. Transform the <data> transcript into a learning guide with: - Clear section headers - 20+ nested bullets - Include direct quotes where relevant Be extremely detailed and thorough. </instructions>P.S. This is also a great way to consume hour-long podcasts in 5 minutes.
4. Turn voice notes into documents
The more context you give AI, the better its output becomes. One of the best ways to give a lot of context quickly is to record a voice note and then get AI to summarize it:
Record a voice note with Superwhisper, ChatGPT Voice, or another tool.
Copy the full transcript and email it to yourself.
Paste it into AI with this prompt to clean it up:
<data> [Voice transcript] </data> <instructions> You're a talented writer who maintains voice while adding structure. Transform these thoughts into: - Clear main points - Logical flow - Supporting examples Give me three variations. Keep paragraphs short (2-3 sentences). </instructions>5. Make writing crystal clear
Many engineers struggle with written communication. I’ve seen otherwise smart engineers paste a wall of text into Slack that nobody wants to read.
So instead, paste your wall of text into AI first to make it more concise. The prompt below helps me edit everything from Slack messages to docs:
<data> [Text to make more concise] </data> <instructions> You're an expert editor focused on clarity. Make this more clear and concise: - Use simple language - Break into short paragraphs - Remove redundancy Give me three variations. </instructions>6. Write better documentation
Documentation often takes a long time to write. AI is great at writing a first draft that you can then edit later:
<data> [Code/API/Feature details] </data> <instructions> You're a senior engineer who writes exceptional docs. Create documentation that: - Starts with a clear overview - Includes practical examples - Covers error scenarios Include code samples. Keep it under two pages. Focus on what developers need to know. </instructions>7. Make a quick prototype
AI prototyping has come a long way. Here’s how I use it to make prototypes for my product ideas that I can then show to stakeholders and customers:
<instructions> You're an expert at building rapid UX prototypes. Please make a working prototype of the attached image. Here are the requirements: [Share high-level requirements or user stories in a list of bullets] </instructions>Keep iterating if AI doesn’t create what you want in one go. Here’s the website v0 made for me from a wireframe that I found online:
8. Solve problems
Let’s close with perhaps the most important tip of them all:
Think of AI as a coworker who is patient, knowledgeable, and available 24/7. Give it context and talk to it throughout the day.
I talk to it about everything from product strategy to navigating tough decisions to more (of course, you should only use company-approved AI if you’re sharing confidential information). You’ll be surprised at how helpful it can be!
Wrap up
Here are all 7 steps and 8 use cases again on a single screen:
I hope you’ll use this AI guide to save time with all the busy work so that you can focus more on the work that matters — talking to customers and shipping. If you’d like to explore more, consider getting 20% off my annual subscription to unlock my personal AI prompt library and all my AI guides.
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 26 Nov 2024 -
Are you free for a chat?
Are you free for a chat?
Hi there,
I wanted to check you received my email regarding our custom CRM systems? It's worth noting that businesses switching to a custom CRM system witnessed an average revenue increase of 41% within the initial two years, as per the UK Customer Experience Excellence Analysis.
Are you free for a chat?
Thanks
Andrew
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Andrew Miller <Andrew@crmcompany.co.uk>
Subject: Bespoke Vs Off the Shelf CRM Solutions
To: info@learn.odoo.com
Dear there
I'm Andrew, Director at CRM Management Ltd. With over a decade of experience working with businesses in the Telecommunications Companies sector, we focus on designing Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, tailored to the unique needs of each company.
Whether you're new to CRM systems or contemplating an upgrade due to system limitations, I urge you to reconsider an off-the-shelf route!
While off-the-shelf CRM system options offer a budget-friendly entry, the costs escalate as your business grows. Opting for a custom system upfront involves a one-time cost, ensuring a tailored fit without ongoing expenses.
Here's why our custom CRM systems stand out:
Tailored to your needs: Unlike off-the-shelf options, a custom CRM system is built precisely for your business, aligning every feature and functionality perfectly.
Scalability and flexibility: With a custom CRM system, you have the liberty to scale and adapt as your business evolves.
Enhanced user experience: Custom CRM systems prioritise user-friendly interfaces and tailored functionalities, easing the onboarding process for your team.
Greater control and ownership: With our custom CRM systems, you retain full control and ownership, enabling seamless changes or enhancements as needed.
Long-term cost savings: Contrary to off-the-shelf CRM systems' hidden costs, businesses investing in custom solutions witness an average ROI of £8.71 for every pound spent.
Ready to discuss how a custom CRM system can transform your business? Simply reply to my email and we can schedule a call.
Kind regards,
Andrew Miller
CRM Management Ltd
01759 361 845
crmmanagement.co.uk
I have sent this email to info@learn.odoo.com. If you don't want to get any more emails from us, you can unsubscribe here.
CRM Management Ltd - English House, Railway St, Pocklington, York YO42 2QZ - Company no. 10684534
by "Andrew Miller" <Andrew@crmcompany.co.uk> - 09:48 - 26 Nov 2024 -
Construction Take-Off. "
Hi,Hope you are well.
We are an estimating firm, and we provide complete takeoffs for all types of construction projects. Please let me know if you have any projects for takeoff on which you need our services.Send over the plans and mention the exact scope of work you want us to estimate. Waiting for your reply.
Best Regards,
by "Abraham Apollo" <abrahamapollo943@gmail.com> - 09:37 - 26 Nov 2024 -
Just in time for Black Friday, the Observability Report for Retail.
New Relic
The retail landscape is a blur, with rising costs, supply chain challenges, and customer expectations pushing brands to adapt. Observability tools are proving to be game-changers, delivering clarity and driving value across omnichannel digital and physical operations.
Here’s a glimpse from our State of Observability for Retail report:
- Cut downtime by 78%: Unified observability reduces outages, boosting customer satisfaction.
- Achieve 302% ROI: Retailers are turning performance data into insights that drive growth.
- Digital Experience Monitoring (DEM) on the Rise: 75% of retailers plan to adopt DEM by 2027 for seamless customer journeys.
Find out how observability can help you adapt to where retail is now and where it’s heading next. Download the full report.
Access Report 
by "New Relic" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:09 - 26 Nov 2024 -
How can today’s executives lead from the head and the heart?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
Timeless leadership. Geopolitical conflicts, aging populations, environmental disasters: the world faces a host of tough problems that require strong leadership. To alter the course of what the World Economic Forum (WEF) has deemed “a predominately negative outlook for the world over the next two years that [may] worsen over the next decade,” leaders need to step up. While times may change, the basic tenets of leadership—such as the importance of adaptability—will not, affirm Ida Jeng Christensen, who leads the WEF Forum for Young Global Leaders, and McKinsey Global Publishing’s Raju Narisetti in Forbes.
•
The power of empathy. In an era of complexity and constant change, the human aspects of leadership are increasingly important; today’s executives must lead from both the head and the heart. In their recent book, The Journey of Leadership, McKinsey senior partners Dana Maor, Kurt Strovink, and Ramesh Srinivasan and senior partner emeritus Hans-Werner Kaas call this “leading from the inside out,” a skill that begins with self-knowledge. Explore our road map to becoming a more human and authentic leader in The Journey of Leadership.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
This email contains information about McKinsey's research, insights, services, or events. By opening our emails or clicking on links, you agree to our use of cookies and web tracking technology. For more information on how we use and protect your information, please review our privacy policy.
You received this email because you subscribed to the Only McKinsey Perspectives newsletter, formerly known as Only McKinsey.
Copyright © 2024 | McKinsey & Company, 3 World Trade Center, 175 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:51 - 26 Nov 2024 -
⏳LIMITED TIME OFFER⌛ 30% off Annual Premium Subscription
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Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis Black Friday weekend only, we are offering 30% off our annual Premium subscription. Take advantage of this limited-time deal to unlock a whole year of exclusive subscriber content at an unbeatable price.
As a Premium subscriber, you’ll go deeper on an extra system design deep dive every Thursday. Plus, you'll get full access to our entire Premium archive.
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548 Market Street PMB 72296, San Francisco, CA 94104
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 25 Nov 2024 -
Master CSRD with SAP—join us!
Learn how SAP helps achieve CSRD compliance Hi there,Our webcast on mastering CSRD with SAP is almost here! Join us on December 4, 2024 to learn how SAP solutions make CSRD compliance easier.
Key takeaways:- CSRD essentials: Understand the challenges and impact of CSRD on businesses heading into 2025.
- Expert insight from Anders Liu-Lindberg: Take advantage of insights from a leading finance and sustainability expert.
- Real-World strategies from Christian Tauber and Alexander Zunic: Learn to leverage SAP for CSRD compliance with real-life tactics that make a difference for your organization.
Don’t miss out!
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