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Global trade reconfiguration, talent in 2024, competitiveness and growth in Europe, and more: The Daily Read weekender
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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
This weekend, take a breather and get cozy with some of the week’s big reads on the geometry of global trade, the shape of talent in 2024, an integrated agenda for Europe, and more.
QUOTE OF THE DAY
chart of the day
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—Edited by Joyce Yoo, editor, New York
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Copyright © 2024 | McKinsey & Company, 3 World Trade Center, 175 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
by "McKinsey Daily Read" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:12 - 19 Jan 2024 -
Who are the McKinsey leaders attending Davos 2024?
On Point
by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:15 - 18 Jan 2024 -
Geopolitics and the geometry of global trade
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Geopolitics and the geometry of global trade
Be prepared for a range of shifts 
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by "McKinsey Global Institute" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:20 - 18 Jan 2024 -
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 12:16 - 18 Jan 2024 -
A Crash Course in Networking
A Crash Course in Networking
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The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, shaping how we communicate, access information, and conduct business. At its core, the Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use standardized communication protocols to facilitate data exchange. This enables the transmission of text, images, videos, and more, across all sorts of devices.
In this issue, we dive into the essence of the Internet by exploring its key components: the network edges, access networks, network core, network protocols, and the Internet Protocol stack. We discuss how packet switching, forwarding, and routing work. We unravel the complexities of access networks and examine the crucial role protocols play in governing Internet activities. By the end, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of the Internet's architecture and its pivotal role in modern communication.
Internet Evolution
The evolution of the Internet is a fascinating journey spanning several decades, marked by groundbreaking developments and innovations. Here is a timeline of key milestones and transformative moments in the history of the Internet that have shaped the digital landscape we know today.
Components of the Internet
The Internet is a complex and interconnected network, consisting of several key components. We are going to explore the most important components of the Internet.
The Network Edge
The computers and other devices connected to the Internet are often referred to as end systems. They are called end systems because they sit at the “edge” of the Internet.
The Internet’s end systems include desktop computers, servers, mobile devices, and an increasing number of non-traditional “things” like smart appliances and IoT devices are being attached to the Internet as end systems.
End systems are also referred to as hosts because they host application programs such as a web browser, web server, e-mail client, or e-mail server.
Hosts are sometimes further divided into two categories: clients and servers. Informally, clients tend to be desktop and mobile PCs, smartphones, and similar personal computing devices, whereas servers tend to be more powerful machines that store and distribute web pages, stream video, relay e-mail, and similar services. Today, most of the servers providing search results, e-mail, web pages, and videos reside in large data centers.
Access networks
Having considered the applications and end systems at the “edge of the network,” let’s next consider the access network, which is the network that physically connects an end system to the first router (also known as the “edge router”) on a path from the end system to any other distant end system.
Access networks serve as the crucial link between end systems and the broader network infrastructure. Access networks can be broadly categorized into three types.
Home Access Networks
Home Access Networks refers to the set of technologies that enable connectivity and communication within a residential environment. This network allows devices within the home to connect to the Internet, share data, and communicate with each other.
Institutional Access Networks
Institutional Access Networks refers to the networking infrastructure and technologies used by organizations, institutions, and businesses to connect to the Internet and facilitate communication within their premises. These networks are designed to handle the specific needs and requirements of large-scale operations.
Mobile Access Networks
Mobile Access Networks refer to the various technologies that enable mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, to connect to the Internet and communicate with each other. These technologies facilitate wireless communication and data transfer for mobile users.
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:42 - 18 Jan 2024 -
Can Davos help close the empowerment gap?
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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
New from McKinsey & Company
This week at Davos, business leaders are taking stock of the significant progress made toward eradicating extreme poverty and closing the empowerment gap. They’re also thinking seriously about the work left to be done. Many development experts and economists have suggested setting a higher bar for global living standards. In a recent report from the McKinsey Global Institute, Anu Madgavkar, Sven Smit, Lola Woetzel, Kweilin Ellingrud, and Tracy Francis propose centering the concept of empowerment—rather than poverty—helps ensure the focus stays on quality of life. What else does empowerment mean—for people and the planet? Explore the insights below to learn the latest on closing the empowerment gap, and bookmark this page for daily #WEF24 updates featuring crucial insights on the key themes at Davos.
To see more essential reading on topics that matter, visit McKinsey Themes.
— Edited by Stephanie d’Arc Taylor, editor, New York
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 10:13 - 18 Jan 2024 -
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by "Remote" <no-reply@remote.com> - 05:48 - 18 Jan 2024 -
What topics will dominate this year’s discussions at Davos?
On Point
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
Global thinkers. Each January, hundreds of leaders from government, business, and civil society gather in the Alpine town of Davos, Switzerland, to take on the biggest global challenges of the day and set priorities for the year ahead. “I’m looking forward to the opportunity to reunite with global thinkers” at the WEF Annual Meeting 2024, says McKinsey senior partner Andres Cadena. This year, more than 300 public figures, including more than 60 heads of state and government, are focusing on rebuilding trust amid uncertainty and rapid change.
•
Discussions at Davos. Generative AI, geopolitics, and sustainability are some of the critical topics at Davos that leaders are sure to engage on, McKinsey senior partners Acha Leke and Kate Smaje and McKinsey Global Institute chair Sven Smit explain. “I’m sure there will be a lot of discussion about trade and our interconnectedness in this sort of polarizing world,” Leke notes. Visit our collection page, McKinsey and the World Economic Forum 2024, to see what McKinsey leaders expect at Davos this year.
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:20 - 18 Jan 2024 -
Video Telematics Solution - Monitor the Behavior of Vehicles and Drivers
Video Telematics Solution - Monitor the Behavior of Vehicles and Drivers
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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 07:00 - 17 Jan 2024 -
Reimagining our connected world at Davos
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New from McKinsey & Company
The world is deeply interconnected. Every region relies on trade with other regions for more than 25 percent of at least one important type of good. But trade reconfiguration is under way, and increased investment into a range of developing economies suggests further trade reconfiguration in coming years. What can business leaders do to prepare? “In the current state of uncertainty, the imperative for business leaders is to … have a strategy in place to help shape a new architecture to match an evolving world,” write McKinsey’s Jeongmin Seong, Olivia White, Michael Birshan, Lola Woetzel, and coauthors in a new report from the McKinsey Global Institute. Global cooperation can also contribute to, and help shape, the discourse on the evolution of global connections.
On day 3 of the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, check out these insights to understand how our interconnected world is evolving and why global integration is here to stay—albeit with nuance. And bookmark this page for daily updates on #WEF24.To see more essential reading on topics that matter, visit McKinsey Themes.
— Edited by Ariana Ahmed, editor, New York
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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 10:37 - 17 Jan 2024 -
What aspects of generative AI should leaders consider at Davos this year?
On Point
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
Trustworthy AI. What can we expect at Davos 2024? Former and current WEF Young Global Leaders (YGL), a group of professionals from around the world, spoke with McKinsey Global Publishing leader and YGL alumnus Raju Narisetti about what aspect of gen AI they think Davos participants should discuss this year, as well as other key topics. For Mastercard executive Shamina Singh, gen AI must be developed with “transparency, accountability, and trust … to ensure personal information remains just that—personal.”
— Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:50 - 17 Jan 2024 -
Accelerating Europe: Competitiveness for a new era
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New from McKinsey Global Institute
Accelerating Europe: Competitiveness for a new era
Safeguard growth and prosperity 
Securing Europe’s competitiveness: Addressing its technology gap
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by "McKinsey Global Institute" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:45 - 16 Jan 2024 -
Improving Core Web Vitals: How Kurt Geiger monitors digital experience
New Relic
As Kurt Geiger gears up for crucial peak periods—summer time and Black Friday sales—they review alert thresholds, run through different toggles, and look at coverage gaps. Google’s Core Web Vitals (CWV) is one of the most important ways they judge how performant their site is.
Read the blog to learn about their approach CWV to optimising for peak excellence.Read Blog Need help? Let's get in touch.
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by "New Relic" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:36 - 16 Jan 2024 -
Curious about Davos? Here’s a refresher on themes and topics.
Only McKinsey
Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
•
Global decision makers. With some 2,500 delegates and hundreds of others coming together each January, Davos may be the world’s biggest gathering of decision makers. Davos isn’t just about the well-known luminaries in attendance, however. Key to the meeting’s success is the networking and “coincidental meetings that happen in the margins of the sessions,” as McKinsey senior partner Kate Smaje notes. Ultimately, Davos is about tackling the most pressing issues of the day, including the climate crisis and rapidly advancing technologies.
•
On the Davos docket. In an era of rapid change and increased fragmentation, WEF is focused on restoring trust on three levels: in our future, within societies, and among nations. For 2024, McKinsey’s knowledge collaborations with WEF are intended to foster global cooperation for sustainable, inclusive growth. Check out our McKinsey Explainers entry “What is Davos?” to put the meeting into proper context and discover some of this year’s initiatives, including developing a long-term strategy for climate, nature, and energy.
—Edited by Querida Anderson, senior editor, New York
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by "Only McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:07 - 15 Jan 2024 -
Tyk Cloud lands in Australia! 🌏
Tyk Cloud lands in Australia! 🌏
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Where your API gateway handles your traffic can have major implications for data privacy and performance. Learn more about the strategic advantage of hosting API gateways in your local region in our blog.
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by "Tyk" <communities@tyk.io> - 07:17 - 15 Jan 2024 -
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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 07:00 - 15 Jan 2024 -
Mark your calendar: Remote’s webinar on “How to pay globally distributed contractors” is coming soon 🚀
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Are you ready for the future of work? A leader’s guide
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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities
Disrupted, resilient, evolving. Three seemingly contradictory words that describe the US labor market’s recent past and likely future. During the pandemic, many American workers not only changed jobs in droves but also moved into brand-new careers. Approximately 8.6 million occupational shifts took place between 2019 and 2022, according to McKinsey senior partners Kweilin Ellingrud, Olivia White, and colleagues. Their analysis predicts another 12 million shifts through 2030, thanks to automation (including gen AI), federal investment, and structural trends. With such powerful forces at play, what’s a leader to do to prepare for the future of work? Well, a lot. Embracing gen AI tools as a way of enhancing work—not destroying it—could mean big gains in productivity for businesses, as long as clear guidelines and guardrails are in place. Meanwhile, innovative approaches to hiring (for example, seeking high-potential people and then training them on the job) could pay major dividends and encourage the recruitment of more diverse candidates.
That’s the percentage of time employees spend on work activities that could be automated, according to McKinsey’s Eric Hazan, Alex Singla, Kate Smaje, Alex Sukharevsky, Lareina Yee, Rodney Zemmel, and colleagues. With the advent of gen AI, the McKinsey Global Institute revised an earlier estimate of automation’s effects and noted a shift in the types of work that could be most affected. “The acceleration in the potential for technical automation is largely due to gen AI’s increased ability to understand natural language,” the authors say. “Thus, gen AI has more impact on knowledge work associated with occupations that have higher wages and educational requirements than on other types of work.”
That’s from senior partners Celia Huber, María del Mar Martínez Márquez, Sara Prince, and coauthors in McKinsey’s fourth report on the business case for diversity—which confirms that the future of work must be inclusive. The relationship between gender and ethnic diversity on leadership teams and superior financial performance continues to grow, and there’s also a link between diversity at the top and diversity across the company. Also growing: the call for organizations to consider their impact on all stakeholders, including employees. To achieve sustainable, inclusive growth, the authors describe five areas where companies can create holistic impact: financial and operational, capabilities, health and workforce, environmental, and social.
This week, global leaders and luminaries descend upon a Swiss resort town to grapple with the most pressing issues of the day. Ahead of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting in Davos, we spoke with some of WEF’s Young Global Leaders about the topics that warrant more attention there. A few note the intersection between climate action and inclusion. “Increasing the number of women managers by 1.0 percent can lead to a 0.5 percent decrease in carbon dioxide emissions,” says Fatoumata Bâ, founder and executive chair of Jango Capital. “Yet only 11 percent of private equity and venture capital allocators and 7 percent of investment recipients are women.” Another recurring theme is the pipeline of future leaders, or the lack thereof. “Despite our AI-driven era’s constant policy challenges, investment in developing skilled politicians is surprisingly low,” says Lisa Witter, cofounder and CEO of Apolitical Foundation. “We need to reevalute our backing for political talent, preparing politicians for today and beyond.”
Lead by looking ahead.
— Edited by Daniella Seiler, executive editor, Washington, DC
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by "McKinsey Leading Off" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:36 - 15 Jan 2024 -
The week in charts
The Week in Charts
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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:26 - 13 Jan 2024 -
EP94: REST API Cheatsheet
EP94: REST API Cheatsheet
Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
Everything You NEED to Know About Client Architecture Patterns (Youtube video)
REST API Cheatsheet
How Does a Typical Push Notification System Work?
Top 4 Most Popular Use Cases for UDP
Top 8 Programming Paradigms
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How Does a Typical Push Notification System Work?
The diagram below shows the architecture of a notification system that covers major notification channels:
In-App notifications
Email notifications
SMS and OTP notifications
Social media pushes
Let’s walk through the steps.
Steps 1.1 and 1.2 - The business services send notifications to the notification gateway. The gateway can handle two modes: one mode receives one notification each time, and the other receives notifications in batches.
Steps 2, 2.1, and 2.2 - The notification gateway forwards the notifications to the distribution service, where the messages are validated, formatted, and scheduled based on settings. The notification template repository allows users to pre-define the message format. The channel preference repository allows users to pre-define the preferred delivery channels.
Step 3 - The notifications are then sent to the routers, normally message queues.
Step 4 - The channel services communicate with various internal and external delivery channels, including in-app notifications, email delivery, SMS delivery, and social media apps.
Steps 5 and 6 - The delivery metrics are captured by the notification tracking and analytics service, where the operations team can view the analytical reports and improve user experiences.
Top 4 Most Popular Use Cases for UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is used in various software architectures for its simplicity, speed, and low overhead compared to other protocols like TCP.
Live Video Streaming
Many VoIP and video conferencing applications leverage UDP due to its lower overhead and ability to tolerate packet loss. Real-time communication benefits from UDP's reduced latency compared to TCP.DNS
DNS (Domain Name Service) queries typically use UDP for their fast and lightweight nature. Although DNS can also use TCP for large responses or zone transfers, most queries are handled via UDP.Market Data Multicast
In low-latency trading, UDP is utilized for efficient market data delivery to multiple recipients simultaneously.IoT
UDP is often used in IoT devices for communications, sending small packets of data between devices.
Top 8 Programming Paradigms
Imperative Programming
Imperative programming describes a sequence of steps that change the program’s state. Languages like C, C++, Java, Python (to an extent), and many others support imperative programming styles.Declarative Programming
Declarative programming emphasizes expressing logic and functionalities without describing the control flow explicitly. Functional programming is a popular form of declarative programming.Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Object-oriented programming (OOP) revolves around the concept of objects, which encapsulate data (attributes) and behavior (methods or functions). Common object-oriented programming languages include Java, C++, Python, Ruby, and C#.Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)
Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) aims to modularize concerns that cut across multiple parts of a software system. AspectJ is one of the most well-known AOP frameworks that extends Java with AOP capabilities.Functional Programming
Functional Programming (FP) treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and emphasizes the use of immutable data and declarative expressions. Languages like Haskell, Lisp, Erlang, and some features in languages like JavaScript, Python, and Scala support functional programming paradigms.Reactive Programming
Reactive Programming deals with asynchronous data streams and the propagation of changes. Event-driven applications, and streaming data processing applications benefit from reactive programming.Generic Programming
Generic Programming aims at creating reusable, flexible, and type-independent code by allowing algorithms and data structures to be written without specifying the types they will operate on. Generic programming is extensively used in libraries and frameworks to create data structures like lists, stacks, queues, and algorithms like sorting, searching.Concurrent Programming
Concurrent Programming deals with the execution of multiple tasks or processes simultaneously, improving performance and resource utilization. Concurrent programming is utilized in various applications, including multi-threaded servers, parallel processing, concurrent web servers, and high-performance computing.
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 13 Jan 2024
