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What matters most for motivating employees? A leader’s guide
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What will it take to make zero-emission trucking a reality?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
Required investments in charging infrastructure Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
New truck-charging site. Developing charging infrastructure to support widespread adoption of commercial battery electric trucks is a challenging task, but a recent development marks a substantial achievement in this area, Fleet Equipment notes. Earlier in 2024, a US joint venture that develops, owns, and operates charging infrastructure introduced a major charging station in California. Equipped with 65 chargers, the site currently represents North America’s biggest working power station for heavy-duty electric trucks. [Fleet Equipment]
•
A challenging shift. Major trucking companies are currently prioritizing lower-carbon fuels in their quest to decarbonize fleets. While this marks a positive step, true zero-emission mobility in the form of electric or hydrogen-based trucking appears to be stuck in traffic as challenges delay adoption, McKinsey senior partner Anna Herlt and coauthors share. Disruptions will occur across the ecosystem, and OEMs are devoting substantial development, production, and sales resources to developing new power trains and higher degrees of digitization.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:10 - 13 Oct 2024 -
The week in charts
The Week in Charts
EV ownership, hiring expectations, and more Share these insights
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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 04:00 - 12 Oct 2024 -
EP133: API vs SDK
EP133: API vs SDK
This week’s system design refresher:͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreThis week’s system design refresher:
Why is Kubernetes Popular | What is Kubernetes? (Youtube video)
API vs SDK
How does Terraform turn Code into Cloud?
HTTP Status Code You Should Know
Top 5 Most-Used Deployment Strategies
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Check out this guide to learn how to monitor and optimize the performance of a chatbot using New Relic AI Monitoring.
API vs SDK
API (Application Programming Interface) and SDK (Software Development Kit) are essential tools in the software development world, but they serve distinct purposes:
API: An API is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications and services to communicate with each other.It defines how software components should interact.
Facilitates data exchange and functionality access between software components.
Typically consists of endpoints, requests, and responses.
SDK: An SDK is a comprehensive package of tools, libraries, sample code, and documentation that assists developers in building applications for a particular platform, framework, or hardware.
Offers higher-level abstractions, simplifying development for a specific platform.
Tailored to specific platforms or frameworks, ensuring compatibility and optimal performance on that platform.
Offer access to advanced features and capabilities specific to the platform, which might be otherwise challenging to implement from scratch.
The choice between APIs and SDKs depends on the development goals and requirements of the project.
Over to you: Which do you find yourself gravitating towards – APIs or SDKs – Every implementation has a unique story to tell. What's yours?How does Terraform turn Code into Cloud?
There are multiple stages in a Terraform workflow:
Write Infrastructure as Code
Define resources, providers, and configurations in Terraform configuration files.
Use variables, modules, and functions to make the code reusable and maintainable.
Integrate with Terraform community registries for ready-to-use modules.Terraform Plan
Preview the changes Terraform will make to the infrastructure by running “terraform plan”. It can be triggered as part of a CI/CD pipeline.
Terraform compares the desired state defined in the configuration file with the current state in the state file.Terraform Apply
Run “terraform apply” to create, update, or delete resources based on the plan.
Terraform makes API calls to the specified providers (AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes, etc) to provision the resources.
The state file is updated to reflect the new state of the infrastructure.Infrastructure Ready
Terraform state file acts as a single source of truth for the current state of the infrastructure.
State file enables version control and collaboration between team members for future changes.
Over to you: Have you used Terraform in your projects?
HTTP Status Code You Should Know
The response codes for HTTP are divided into five categories:
Informational (100-199)
Success (200-299)
Redirection (300-399)
Client Error (400-499)
Server Error (500-599)
These codes are defined in RFC 9110. To save you from reading the entire document (which is about 200 pages), here is a summary of the most common ones:
Over to you: HTTP status code 401 is for Unauthorized. Can you explain the difference between authentication and authorization, and which one does code 401 check for?Top 5 Most-Used Deployment Strategies
- Big Bang Deployment
- Rolling Deployment
- Blue-Green Deployment
- Canary Deployment
- Feature Toggle
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 12 Oct 2024 -
Cambiando la forma en que operan los directivos de tecnología
Además, autorreflexión y un nuevo estilo de liderazgo El vínculo entre la creación de tecnología y la creación de valor empresarial es más fuerte que nunca. Para satisfacer las demandas de la IA, la IA generativa y otras tecnologías en rápida evolución, ¿dónde deberían centrar sus energías los líderes tecnológicos? En nuestro artículo destacado, Aamer Baig, Jeffrey Lewis, Klemens Hjartar, Rob Cain y Sven Blumberg exploran cómo los responsables de esta área pueden realizar modificaciones fundamentales en su forma de operar en esta nueva era de cambio tecnológico. Otros temas destacados son:
•
Por qué los CEOs deben dedicar tiempo a la autorreflexión
•
Tres pasos para lograr que más empleados se involucren y se comprometan con una transformación
•
Qué está empujando a los médicos a abandonar la fuerza laboral, y los cambios que podrían hacer que se quedaran
•
Lecciones de liderazgo y el futuro de la IA según el CEO de Dell Technologies, Michael Dell
La selección de nuestros editores
LOS DESTACADOS DE ESTE MES
Liderar de dentro hacia fuera: Por qué los CEOs deben dedicar tiempo a la autorreflexión
Los autores de un nuevo libro sobre el viaje del liderazgo explican por qué esta era de cambio global sin precedentes exige un nuevo estilo de liderazgo: uno que refleje el mundo interior del CEO junto con las necesidades de las organizaciones y los empleados.
Conócete a ti mismoApostarlo todo: Por qué la ‘voluntad’ de los empleados puede hacer o deshacer las transformaciones
Aprovechar la energía colectiva de la organización para poner en marcha el cambio es crucial para el éxito de la transformación. Un proceso de tres pasos crea el impulso necesario para afrontar los retos que se avecinan.
Aprenda las 3 “E”Cómo Ventas utilizó el aprendizaje automático y la IA para implementar un plan de cero emisiones netas
Una empresa inmobiliaria comprometida con el objetivo de alcanzar el cero neto adoptó un enfoque más eficiente y pionero.
Lea sobre su compromisoLa escasez de médicos no desaparecerá
Los médicos arrojan luz sobre los factores que los están empujando a abandonar el mercado laboral y los cambios que podrían hacer que se quedaran.
4 elementos a priorizarDirecto de Michael Dell: Lecciones de liderazgo y el futuro de la IA
El CEO de Dell Technologies opina sobre lo que sigue en materia de IA, cómo las empresas pueden transformarse con éxito ante la constante disrupción y cómo ha cambiado su estilo de liderazgo a lo largo de 40 años.
Lea la entrevistaEl papel en evolución de las experiencias en los viajes
Los viajeros planean cada vez más sus viajes en torno a actividades que realizan. ¿Cómo puede el sector de viajes facilitar el descubrimiento y la reserva de las experiencias mágicas que anhelan los viajeros?
Una receta emergenteEsperamos que disfrute de los artículos en español que seleccionamos este mes y lo invitamos a explorar también los siguientes artículos en inglés.
McKinsey Explainers
Find direct answers to complex questions, backed by McKinsey’s expert insights.
Learn moreMcKinsey Themes
Browse our essential reading on the topics that matter.
Get up to speedMcKinsey on Books
Explore this month’s best-selling business books prepared exclusively for McKinsey Publishing by Circana.
See the listsThe Weekend Read
McKinsey Classics
Employees and managers should be measured as much on their contribution to an organization’s long-term health as to its performance. Read our 2012 classic “Encouraging your people to take the long view” to learn more.
RewindMind the Gap
Biweekly curated reads on Gen Z in the workplace.
Subscribe now— Edited by Joyce Yoo, editor, New York
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by "Destacados de McKinsey" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 08:32 - 12 Oct 2024 -
U.S. Distribution
U.S. Distribution
By way of introduction, I am Steve Cullen, and I represent Consumer Products International (https://consumerproductsintl.com).
At Consumer Products International, we understand the challenges domestic and international consumer brands face when deciding to bring their products to American consumers. CPI works with consumer goods manufacturers who are seeking to expand their distribution reach within the United States.
Your brand recently caught my attention, which is why I would like to discuss the possibility of expanding your national distribution reach in the U.S.
CPI provides expertise in all areas of distribution, and our services include the following:-
Turnkey/One-stop solution
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Active accounts with major U.S. distributors and retailers
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Proven sales force with public relations, National TV, and marketing all under one roof
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Warehousing and logistics
CPI’s executive team has decades of experience in representing many different consumer goods categories. We have worked with buyers from national and regional retail chains, which gives your brand a fast track to market.
Are you available to discuss your brand this week? If so, please book a meeting on my calendar here: https://calendly.com/stevecullen-nutricompanyinc/15-minute-call-cpihttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uR43-w-qdVI
Steve Cullen
Consumer Products International
101 Plaza Real S, Ste #224
Boca Raton Florida 33432
United States
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by "Steve Cullen" <notification@consumerproductsemail.com> - 11:08 - 11 Oct 2024 -
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The Business Show UK 2024
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How are executives feeling about the economy?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
Top perceived risks to growth Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
Cautiously optimistic. For the first time since March 2020, executives surveyed in September 2024 primarily see the global economy as stable rather than improving. The latest McKinsey Global Survey on economic conditions reveals more cautious sentiments from respondents on both current global conditions and domestic economies than seen in the previous two quarters—though a plurality of respondents expect each to improve in the next six months, McKinsey senior partner Sven Smit and coauthors explain.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:06 - 10 Oct 2024 -
CAP, PACELC, ACID, BASE - Essential Concepts for an Architect’s Toolkit
CAP, PACELC, ACID, BASE - Essential Concepts for an Architect’s Toolkit
In today's world, distributed systems have become ubiquitous, powering everything from social media platforms and e-commerce websites to financial systems and healthcare applications.͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreLatest articles
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In today's world, distributed systems have become ubiquitous, powering everything from social media platforms and e-commerce websites to financial systems and healthcare applications.
As these systems grow in complexity and scale, it becomes increasingly important for software architects and developers to understand the inherent trade-offs and challenges associated with designing and building such systems.
One of the key challenges in distributed systems is ensuring data consistency, availability, and partition tolerance. These properties are often in tension with one another, and achieving all three simultaneously is impossible, as stated by the famous CAP theorem. This theorem has become a fundamental principle in distributed systems design, guiding architects in making informed decisions about the trade-offs between consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
Building upon the CAP theorem, other frameworks and models have emerged to help reason about the trade-offs in distributed systems. The PACELC theorem extends the CAP theorem to provide a more nuanced understanding of the trade-offs between consistency and availability during normal operations and network partitions.
In addition to CAP and PACELC, the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) and BASE (Basically Available, Soft-state, Eventually Consistent) models provide guidance for designing transactional systems and dealing with the challenges of eventual consistency in distributed databases.
By carefully considering the implications of CAP, PACELC, ACID, and BASE, architects can make informed choices that align with the specific requirements and constraints of their applications.
In this article, we will dive deep into these concepts, exploring their definitions and implications. We will also discuss the limitations of these models and the factors to consider when choosing the right approach for a given use case.
The CAP Theorem...
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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 10 Oct 2024 -
Odoo Address Validation Solution
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mardi 8 octobre 2024, 08:35:06 +0200, Kashif Ali <kashif.ali@geopostcodes.com>:
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vendredi 27 septembre 2024, 13:16:12 +0200, Kashif Ali <kashif.ali@geopostcodes.com>:
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mercredi 25 septembre 2024, 17:43:24 +0200, Kashif Ali <kashif.ali@geopostcodes.com>:
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We understand the struggle posed by inaccuracies, manual verification complexities, and the constant need for reliable data. GeoPostcodes is designed to be your comprehensive remedy, ensuring precision, saving valuable time, and providing a dependable solution.
Our Address Validation Service ensures the accuracy and completeness of your address database. By integrating GeoPostcodes, companies like DB Schenker have significantly improved their delivery processes, reduced errors, and enhanced customer satisfaction. You can find more information in this blog post on how DB Schenker validates postal data 300X faster
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jeudi 19 septembre 2024, 10:54:32 +0200, Kashif Ali <kashif.ali@geopostcodes.com>:
Hi MD Abul,
Thank you for registering on our customer portal. We noticed your interest in address validation and capture, and we're excited to introduce you to GeoPostcodes. It is a solution that can optimize your address data seamlessly.
GeoPostcodes has helped companies like DB Schenker and Amazon streamline their address validation and capture processes. This has resulted in improved efficiency and customer satisfaction.
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by "Kashif Ali" <kashif.ali@geopostcodes.com> - 08:13 - 10 Oct 2024 -
How can CEOs and boards work better together?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
Our newest McKinsey Global Survey Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
Improving board committees. Although some may believe that the entire board of directors is needed around the table for productive governance of organizations, board committees do a majority of the actual work of boards, business school professors share in MIT Sloan Management Review. One way to enable board committees to be more effective is to look for ways to help new board members hit the ground running. Assigning new board members to groups based on their expertise can increase engagement among new board directors. [MIT]
•
A complex role. A board member’s job has gotten more and more demanding in recent years. The role has also become increasingly consequential, McKinsey senior partners Celia Huber and Frithjof Lund and McKinsey Board Services leader Nina Spielmann explain. As directors’ agendas and responsibilities expand, their perspectives and decisions have a growing impact on their organizations. The results from our newest McKinsey Global Survey on boards confirm that directors’ roles and responsibilities are increasingly complex.
•
Improving partnerships. In the survey, most board member respondents say they’re dealing with this pressure by strengthening collaboration with their management teams. Yet while we know that the board’s relationship with the CEO is especially critical, just one-third of respondents say their boards and CEOs collaborate very effectively. See three ways boards and CEOs can work better together.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:44 - 10 Oct 2024 -
America’s small businesses: Time to think big
Reach the next level of growth New from McKinsey Global Institute
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What is cloud computing?
Only McKinsey Perspectives
3 actions to increase cloud value Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
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Southeast Asia’s data center hub. Tech companies are investing billions in data center projects based in Malaysia amid burgeoning interest in AI and cloud computing services, CNBC reports. Historically, the bulk of investments in data center infrastructure have been directed toward the more mature markets of Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore. With the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating companies’ digital transformations, however, demand has soared for cloud services in emerging markets such as India and Malaysia. [CNBC]
•
Investing in cloud computing. With cloud computing, organizations engage cloud service providers to host and run their applications on remote servers, which may allow for cheaper and faster computing. But it isn’t as simple as a one-and-done migration, McKinsey partner James Kaplan says. “Even though cloud is by far the superior way to host an application, it requires significant investments in underlying services, in application remediation, and in building new organizational capabilities to change the ROI dynamics,” Kaplan shares.
•
Trillions in value. Based on an analysis of 700 use cases, McKinsey estimates that cloud adoption could generate $3 trillion in global value by 2030. The use cases were divided into those that focus on generating new revenue (creating $2.3 trillion in value), improving IT capabilities (creating $873 billion in value), and those that cover a range of emerging technologies, which, being so new, could not yet be quantified. Read our McKinsey Explainer “What is cloud computing?” to see three actions CEOs can take to increase the value their companies get from cloud computing.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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Time to place our bets: Europe’s AI opportunity
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How TikTok Manages A 200K File MonoRepo with Sparo
How TikTok Manages A 200K File MonoRepo with Sparo
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Disclaimer: The details in this post have been derived from the TikTok Developer Blog. All credit for the technical details goes to the TikTok engineering team. The links to the original articles are present in the references section at the end of the post. We’ve attempted to analyze the details and provide our input about them. If you find any inaccuracies or omissions, please leave a comment, and we will do our best to fix them.
TikTok, the popular short-form video-sharing platform, has a large and rapidly growing codebase for its web front end. This front-end app is built using TypeScript and is organized as a monorepo - a single Git repository containing code for multiple projects and libraries.
As TikTok's frontend engineering team and feature set grew, so did the size and complexity of this monorepo.
Over time, it expanded to contain over 1,000 separate projects and more than 200,000 source files. While the monorepo architecture provided benefits like shared code and tooling, it also started to cause significant performance issues.
Developers began to notice slowness with common Git operations that are essential to their everyday workflows. These slowdowns were a major drain on productivity, wasting valuable engineering time and ruining the development experience.
The issues stemmed from the sheer size of the codebase that Git had to process for each operation. To address this problem, TikTok's frontend infrastructure team began exploring solutions. They experimented with Git's built-in performance features like partial clones, shallow clones, and Git LFS, but found that they were insufficient for the monorepo's scale and growth rate.
Ultimately, the team developed an in-house tool called Sparo to tackle the monorepo performance challenges. They also eventually made Sparo open-source.
In this article, we'll explore how Sparo works and the benefits it has provided for TikTok's front-end engineering team.
The Problem of Git Slowness in Large Monorepos
A monorepo, short for a monolithic repository, is a software development strategy where a single repository contains multiple projects, libraries, and services, often maintained by different teams. This contrasts with the multi-repo approach, where each project has its separate repository.
The diagram below shows the difference between monorepos, multi-repos, and monolith code bases.
Monorepos have gained popularity among large tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft for several reasons.
Firstly, monorepos enable better code sharing and reuse across projects, reducing duplication and promoting standardization.
Secondly, they simplify dependency management, as projects within the monorepo can easily reference and use each other.
Thirdly, monorepos provide a unified view of the entire codebase, making it easier to perform cross-cutting changes and maintain a consistent build and test infrastructure.
However, as monorepos grow in size and complexity, Git operations become increasingly slow for everyone.
This is exactly what happened at TikTok. Commands like git clone to download a copy of the repository, git checkout to switch between branches, git status to see current changes, and git commit to save new changes took much longer than they had previously.
Here are some interesting stats from their observations:
Cloning the repository to start working on it could take over 40 minutes for developers with slower network connections. Even on fast connections, a full clone took over 20 minutes.
Checking out a different branch took over a minute and a half.
Just running git status to see the current state of the working copy took 7 seconds, interrupting the flow of developers.
Committing code changes was also painful at around 15 seconds per commit.
How Sparo Improves MonoRepo Performance?
At its core, Sparo leverages two advanced features of Git to dramatically speed up common operations on large monorepos: sparse checkout and partial clone.
Let’s look at both in detail.
Sparse Checkout
Git's sparse checkout feature allows specifying a subset of files or directories to check out from a repository, rather than fetching the entire codebase. Sparo uses this to only check out the files needed to build a given application - namely, the project and its dependencies.
In a monorepo with hundreds or thousands of projects, the files needed for any one project are a relatively small and slow-growing subset compared to the repo as a whole.
By using sparse checkout to limit the working copy to just this subset, Sparo significantly reduces the amount of data that needs to be fetched and the number of files that Git operations need to process. This results in much faster checkout times.
See the diagram below that explains the concept of sparse checkout in Git in which a developer only has to work on the Android Client Development.
Partial Clones
While sparse checkout reduces the number of files in the working copy, a standard Git clone still fetches the contents of every file in the repo and their complete history.
For large repositories, this still means a sizable amount of data transfer and disk usage, even if much of it isn't needed locally.
Git's partial clone feature, enabled by passing the --filter=blob:none option to git clone, optimizes this by only fetching file contents on-demand as they are needed, and excluding objects that aren't reachable by any reference. This reduces the size of the initial clone and speeds up subsequent fetches.
See the diagram below for a visual representation of the same.
Source: GitHub Blog Unlike a shallow clone, the full history is still available if needed, just not eagerly downloaded. Also, unlike Git LFS, partial clone works automatically for all files without a separate storage system.
Additional Sparo Enhancements
Sparo adds some additional enhancements beyond leveraging those two key Git features.
Checkout Profiles
Sparo introduces the concept of checkout profiles, which are predefined sets of directories to include in a sparse checkout. Profiles act as an easy starting point for new hires or contributors to discover what part of the codebase is relevant to a given team.
For example, a frontend team might define a profile that checks out their five most actively developed projects, the dependencies of those projects, and a few additional directories like docs and config.
These profiles are defined in a JSON file and checked into the repo, making it easy for developers to share profiles and quickly set up their working copy to match their team's standard environment.
See the example of the profile file:
{ "selections": [ { "selector": "--to", "argument": "project-a" }, { "selector": "--to", "argument": "project-b" }, { "selector": "folder", "argument": "docs" } ] }
This profile would help the developers checkout project-a, project-b, and the docs folder.
With the profile created, developers can use sparo checkout --profile to checkout the repository according to the profile. This checks out only the specified projects and folders, significantly reducing the data fetched and the time taken.
Mirrored Commands
To make adoption frictionless, Sparo provides its command line interface that aims to be a drop-in replacement for the standard Git CLI. In other words, Sparo is fully compatible with Git, so teams can incrementally adopt it while still interoperating with standard Git usage.
By mirroring the Git interface, Sparo minimizes the learning curve and allows it to be gradually adopted into existing workflows. Familiar commands like clone, checkout, status, add, commit, etc. are all provided with the same syntax as their Git equivalents.
Developers can use the Sparo versions of commands to take advantage of the optimized performance, while still falling back to the regular Git commands if needed for advanced cases.
Under the hood, the Sparo versions of these commands automatically set the appropriate configurations to enable partial clone and sparse checkout based on the active profile. They also allow collecting anonymous usage telemetry to power dashboards for monitoring the adoption and performance of the tool.
Sparo Performance Gains
The TikTok team saw dramatic performance improvements after adopting Sparo:
clone time dropped from 23 minutes to just 2 minutes
checkout time went from 1.5 minutes to 30 seconds
status command time reduced from 7 seconds to 1 second
commit time improved from 15 seconds to 11 seconds
These improvements have a huge impact on developer productivity and experience. Instead of waiting minutes for Git operations to complete, developers can iterate and commit changes quickly, maintaining their flow and focus.
Conclusion
As monorepos grow in size and complexity, maintaining good performance for common Git operations becomes increasingly challenging. TikTok's frontend team experienced this firsthand as their TypeScript monorepo surpassed 1,000 projects and 200,000 source files, leading to significant slowdowns in commands like clone, checkout, status, and commit.
To address this problem, the TikTok team developed Sparo, an open-source tool that leverages Git's sparse checkout and partial clone features to speed up Git operations on large monorepos.
The TikTok engineering team's journey with Sparo highlights the importance of proactively addressing performance issues in rapidly growing codebases.
Sparo's roadmap includes a telemetry plugin system for monitoring and support for additional front-end build systems. As more companies encounter performance challenges with huge monorepos, tools like Sparo can become increasingly important for maintaining developer productivity.
References:
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Why is everyone talking about observability?
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by "New Relic Events" <emeamarketing@newrelic.com> - 05:09 - 8 Oct 2024 -
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