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Best of ByteByteGo's Newsletter 2023

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Best of ByteByteGo's Newsletter 2023

ByteByteGo

Jan 2

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In 2023, we sent out 104 newsletters, featuring a deep dive newsletter on Thursdays and system design fundamentals on Saturdays.

Here is The Best of ByteByteGo's System Design Newsletter 2023. I hope you find something interesting to read.

Thanks for joining us for the ride in 2023. Happy New Year!

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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:36 - 2 Jan 2024

SmartWaste - Citizen Application which is designed for Citizens to track and monitor the Waste Collecting Vehicles operating in their Area.

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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 07:00 - 1 Jan 2024

Top 10 reports this quarter

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For direct answers to complex questions, check out McKinsey Explainers.

Top Ten Reports │ Fourth Quarter 2023

Our top ten reports this quarter look at the state of global banking, the energy transition, and more. At No. 1, McKinsey’s Emily Field, Alexis Krivkovich, Lareina Yee, and coauthors, in partnership with LeanIn.Org, debunk four myths about women’s workplace experiences and career advancement in “Women in the Workplace 2023.”

An image linking to the web page “Women in the Workplace 2023 report ” on McKinsey.com.

8. The secrets of outperforming family-owned businesses: How they create value—and how you can become one

Family-owned businesses that combine four critical mindsets with five strategic actions have a chance to quadruple their value in the next decade—while maintaining resilience. [15 pages] 4 critical mindsets

9. In search of cloud value: Can generative AI transform cloud ROI?

New ROI analysis highlights what it takes to capture the value of cloud computing, and what role generative AI can play. [68 pages] Witness the transformation

10. Carbon removals: How to scale a new gigaton industry

CO₂ removal (CDR) capacity is far from the gigaton scale needed to round out businesses’ net-zero efforts by 2050. We explore a mature CDR market’s potential and possible first-mover advantages. [50 pages] Understand the stakes

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by "McKinsey Top Ten" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:27 - 31 Dec 2023

EP92: Top 5 Kafka use cases

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EP92: Top 5 Kafka use cases

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Dec 30

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This week’s system design refresher:

Top 5 Kafka use cases
What is OSI Model?
Logging, Tracing, Metrics
Top 4 Kubernetes Service Types in one diagram

Top 5 Kafka use cases

Kafka was originally built for massive log processing. It retains messages until expiration and lets consumers pull messages at their own pace.

Let’s review the popular Kafka use cases.

Log processing and analysis
Data streaming in recommendations
System monitoring and alerting
CDC (Change data capture)
System migration

Over to you: Do you have any other Kafka use cases to share?

ByteByteGo Newsletter is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

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What is OSI Model?

How is data sent over the internet? What does that have to do with the OSI model? How does TCP/IP fit into this?

7 Layers in the OSI model are:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

Logging, Tracing, Metrics

Logging, tracing and metrics are 3 pillars of system observability. The diagram below shows their definitions and typical architectures.

Logging
Logging records discrete events in the system. For example, we can record an incoming request or a visit to databases as events. It has the highest volume. ELK (Elastic-Logstash-Kibana) stack is often used to build a log analysis platform. We often define a standardized logging format for different teams to implement, so that we can leverage keywords when searching among massive amounts of logs.
Tracing
Tracing is usually request-scoped. For example, a user request goes through the API gateway, load balancer, service A, service B, and database, which can be visualized in the tracing systems. This is useful when we are trying to identify the bottlenecks in the system. We use OpenTelemetry to showcase the typical architecture, which unifies the 3 pillars in a single framework.
Metrics
Metrics are usually aggregatable information from the system. For example, service QPS, API responsiveness, service latency, etc. The raw data is recorded in time-series databases like InfluxDB. Prometheus pulls the data and transforms the data based on pre-defined alerting rules. Then the data is sent to Grafana for display or to the alert manager which then sends out email, SMS, or Slack notifications or alerts.

Over to you: Which tools have you used for system monitoring?

Top 4 Kubernetes Service Types in one diagram

The diagram below shows 4 ways to expose a Service.

In Kubernetes, a Service is a method for exposing a network application in the cluster. We use a Service to make that set of Pods available on the network so that users can interact with it.

There are 4 types of Kubernetes services: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer and ExternalName. The “type” property in the Service's specification determines how the service is exposed to the network.

ClusterIP
ClusterIP is the default and most common service type. Kubernetes will assign a cluster-internal IP address to ClusterIP service. This makes the service only reachable within the cluster.
NodePort
This exposes the service outside of the cluster by adding a cluster-wide port on top of ClusterIP. We can request the service by NodeIP:NodePort.
LoadBalancer
This exposes the Service externally using a cloud provider’s load balancer.
ExternalName
This maps a Service to a domain name. This is commonly used to create a service within Kubernetes to represent an external database.

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by "ByteByteGo" <bytebytego@substack.com> - 11:37 - 30 Dec 2023

Look back at some of our readers’ favorite recent charts

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ALL THE WEEK’S DATA THAT’S FIT TO VISUALIZE

Thanks for reading the Week in Charts as we aim to provide you with the visuals you need to understand today’s biggest business and management challenges. Now the data shows that it’s time for a short holiday hiatus, though we’ll resume our weekly send schedule on January 13. Stay tuned for new charts in the new year, including on the topics that will headline the World Economic Forum’s upcoming annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland.

While we’re away, take a look back at some recent charts that resonated most with our readers:

The business case for diverse leadership

Automatic for the people

From poverty to empowerment

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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:08 - 30 Dec 2023

The quarter’s top Themes

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Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities

Top Ten McKinsey Themes │ Fourth Quarter 2023

In the fourth quarter of 2023, our top ten posts from McKinsey Themes look at the top business books of the year, generative AI must-reads, and more. At No. 1 is “The art of visual storytelling: 10 must-see insights,” a collection of insights that showcase designs that bring to life the issues that matter most in business today, featuring articles by McKinsey’s Anu Madgavkar, Sven Smit, Mekala Krishnan, Jonathan Woetzel, Kweilin Ellingrud, Tracy Francis, and others. Read on for our full top 10.

An image linking to the web page 'The art of visual storytelling: 10 must-see insights” on McKinsey.com.

1. The art of visual storytelling: 10 must-see insights

“It is love for the people we serve—this passion to create something extraordinary for them, that’s the priority,” Mauro Porcini, chief design officer at PepsiCo, told senior partner Erik Roth in an episode of The Committed Innovator podcast. Zoom in

An image linking to the web page '2023 is a year for the (business) books” on McKinsey.com.

2. 2023 is a year for the (business) books

You won’t meet a successful leader who isn’t in constant pursuit of knowledge and personal development. The best leaders consistently carve out time in their busy calendars to read—and you should, too, if you have ambitions. But with so many books out there, how can you decide what to pick up next? McKinsey has you covered. Refresh your library

An image linking to the web page '12 must-reads for 12 months of gen AI breakthroughs” on McKinsey.com.

3. 12 must-reads for 12 months of gen AI breakthroughs

This month marks a year since OpenAI released ChatGPT into the market, taking AI from a futuristic concept, for many, to a daily reality. Happy birthday, ChatGPT

4. How to manage your time so it doesn’t manage you

It’s that time again: Clocks in North America officially fell back an hour today, shifting an hour of daylight from the evening to the morning. Adjust your schedule

5. For CEOs, the quest for excellence is unceasing

Check out these insights for high-impact leadership advice on some of the topics that are top of mind for CEOs today, take a deep dive into the many facets of the CEO life cycle, and hear directly from excellent CEOs about their leadership journeys. Get your leadership advice

6. 10 CEO interviews on leading through disruption

“Crises and disruptions represent formidable opportunities to accelerate transformations,” says Frédéric Oudéa, former CEO of Société Générale, in a recent interview with McKinsey’s Sandra Sancier-Sultan. Walk the talk

7. What’s the future of the internet?

Reflecting on the advances this year made possible by generative AI, it’s easy to get excited for the future. Catch up with Explainers

8. How to communicate better

The end of the year, for many, is a period of reflection. It’s also an opportune time to start thinking about personal development for the new year. A resolution you can stick to

9. Whatever you water will grow

What happens when you "water" aspiration, activation, and execution? Out-innovate and outgrow peers, new McKinsey research shows. Become an innovative grower

10. A win for women in the workplace

Harvard professor Claudia Goldin won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Monday for advancing the world’s understanding of women’s progress in the workplace. Progress is paramount

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by "McKinsey Top Ten" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:51 - 29 Dec 2023

Most popular recent issues—and a brief pause

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OUR BEST IDEAS, QUICK AND CURATED

Thanks for your ongoing interest in The CEO Shortlist and for helping make it one of our longest-running and most popular longform newsletters. The CEO Shortlist will be taking a break over the holidays, but we’ll be back in your inbox on January 12 to continue delivering our weekly sampling of need-to-know McKinsey insights, including on the topics that will headline the World Economic Forum's upcoming Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland.

In the meantime, you can browse through past issues here—and be sure you didn’t miss recent favorites on the energy transition, generative AI, and what really works when it comes to digital transformation.

If you have friends or colleagues you think might enjoy The CEO Shortlist when it’s back, we hope you’ll consider forwarding this email or sharing it on LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook. If they want to get future issues in their inbox—or to see our 40+ other free email products—they can sign up at mckinsey.com/subscriptions. (You might want to check it out too, to revisit your subscriptions or find out about any new ones.)

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We updated our Privacy Statement

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App trends_ :-)

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Distance and Weight-based Optimization

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by "Sunny Thakur" <sunny.thakur@uffizio.com> - 07:00 - 27 Dec 2023

Our most-read leadership advice

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ESSENTIALS FOR LEADERS AND THOSE THEY LEAD

Brought to you by Liz Hilton Segel, chief client officer and managing partner, global industry practices, & Homayoun Hatami, managing partner, global client capabilities

Great leaders know the value of taking time to rest and recharge—and we’re following their advice by taking a break from our usual Leading Off delivery schedule this holiday season. We hope you’re also finding some space to slow down and enjoy time with friends and family.

On January 8, we’ll be back in your inbox with more research and insights, including on the topics that will headline the World Economic Forum’s upcoming Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland. While we’re away, here are some of our recent most-read issues for you to revisit:

Is your organization’s growth consistent? A leader’s guide

More than half of employees are disengaged. What’s a leader to do?

Reskilling the workforce for gen AI: A practical guide for leaders

If you have friends or colleagues who might enjoy Leading Off, consider forwarding this email to them or sharing it on LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook. They can sign up for this or any of our 40+ other free email subscriptions at mckinsey.com/subscriptions. (And you might also want to revisit that page to see our full newsletter lineup.)

— Edited by Rama Ramaswami, senior editor, New York

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by "McKinsey Leading Off" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:00 - 25 Dec 2023

Did you miss any of our most-read issues?

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TODAY’S NEWS. TOMORROW’S INSIGHTS.
A daily newsletter from McKinsey & Company

Thanks for reading On Point! We’re taking some time off for the holidays, but we’ll be back in your inbox on January 8—with a new look and a new name: Only McKinsey. We’ll continue delivering actionable insights on the day’s news, as only McKinsey can, including those that will headline the World Economic Forum’s upcoming annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland. In the meantime, enjoy revisiting some of our most-read recent issues:

It's tough for companies to grow. One C-suite partnership is especially important.

Generative AI is already starting to change the business world. Are you working with it yet?

How motivated are you? New research reveals what disengaged workers cost companies.

If you have friends or colleagues who might enjoy On Point, consider forwarding this email to them or sharing it on LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook. They can sign up for this or any of our 40+ other free email subscriptions at McKinsey.com/subscriptions. (And you might also want to revisit that page to see our full newsletter lineup.)

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by "McKinsey On Point" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 11:45 - 24 Dec 2023

1. Women in the Workplace 2023

Women are more ambitious than ever, and workplace flexibility is fueling them. Yet despite some hard-fought gains, women’s representation is not keeping pace. That’s according to the latest Women in the Workplace report from McKinsey, in partnership with LeanIn.Org. Rise to the moment

2. Global Banking Annual Review 2023: The Great Banking Transition

Banking profits are up, thanks to rising interest rates, but financial institutions globally need to reinvent themselves in the face of major structural and macroeconomic shifts. 5 priorities

3. Global Energy Perspective 2023

In an evolving energy landscape, our Global Energy Perspective 2023 provides insights into long-term trends that will shape the energy transition. Imagine what’s possible

4. What is Web3?

Web3 is a term used to describe the next iteration of the internet, one that is built on blockchain technology and is communally controlled by its users. The perils and possibilities

5. Seeing around corners: How to excel as a chief of staff

A chief of staff can be instrumental to a CEO’s success while also advancing their own career. Here are eight pieces of advice from those who have mastered the role. 8 best practices

6. Gen AI and the future of work

Generative AI is front and center for nearly every industry and is poised to change just about everything. What will it mean for your workers? Dive deeper

7. Gen AI: A guide for CFOs

How should CFOs approach generative AI—enterprise-wide and in the finance function—and what can they do right now to rapidly climb the learning curve? Be proactive

8. Courageous growth: Six strategies for continuous growth outperformance

Fewer than one in four companies outpace their industry peers on revenue and profit growth. New McKinsey research reveals the six mindsets and strategies that set these growth outperformers apart. 6 strategies

9. Rethinking the role of the middle manager

Companies need to uplift their much-maligned middle managers. Not merely a midpoint to the top, they are the true center of the organization. Mend the middle-manager role

10. Global trade explorer

To navigate a more complex and challenging era requires deeper understanding of the full picture of the evolution of global trade flows and the interdependencies and networks created by them. Enter our digital experience

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by "McKinsey Top Ten" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 06:21 - 23 Dec 2023

The week in charts

The Week in Charts

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ALL THE WEEK’S DATA THAT’S FIT TO VISUALIZE

Our McKinsey Chart of the Day series offers a daily chart that helps explain a changing world—as we strive toward sustainable and inclusive growth. In case you missed them, this week’s graphics explored climate adaptation, global trade flows, Indian travelers’ destinations, and trends in the asset management industry.

FEATURED CHART

Holding back the waters

A chart titled “Mangrove restoration is an example of climate adaptation with multiple local and global benefits.” Click to open the full article on McKinsey.com.

This week’s other select charts

Benefits of branching out

Broader travel horizons

Down but not out

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by "McKinsey Week in Charts" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 03:20 - 23 Dec 2023

Parsing complicated global trade relationships

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New from McKinsey & Company

Parsing complicated global trade relationships

Our planet’s interconnectedness has facilitated global growth for decades, helping lift millions out of poverty. As connections seem to fray, McKinsey is helping organizations adjust. This is just one of 12 themes covered in the wrap-up we’ve created of our “Insights to Impact” publishing journey this year. For more, visit “Only McKinsey,” our 2023 year in review.

Stay connected

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by "McKinsey & Company" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 12:30 - 23 Dec 2023

EP91: REST API Authentication Methods

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EP91: REST API Authentication Methods

ByteByteGo

Dec 23

READ IN APP

This week’s system design refresher:

Vertical vs Horizontal Scaling (Youtube video)
9 of my favorite engineering blogs
REST API Authentication Methods
Symmetric encryption vs asymmetric encryption
How does Redis persist data?

Vertical Vs Horizontal Scaling: Key Differences You Should Know

Top 9 Engineering blog favorites

There are over 1,000 engineering blogs. Here are my top 9 favorites:

Netflix TechBlog
Uber Blog
Cloudflare Blog
Engineering at Meta
LinkedIn Engineering
Discord Blog
AWS Architecture
Slack Engineering
Stripe Blog

Over to you - What are some of your favorite engineering blogs?

REST API Authentication Methods

Authentication in REST APIs acts as the crucial gateway, ensuring that solely authorized users or applications gain access to the API's resources.

Some popular authentication methods for REST APIs include:

Basic Authentication:
Involves sending a username and password with each request, but can be less secure without encryption.

When to use:
Suitable for simple applications where security and encryption aren’t the primary concern or when used over secured connections.
Token Authentication:
Uses generated tokens, like JSON Web Tokens (JWT), exchanged between client and server, offering enhanced security without sending login credentials with each request.

When to use:
Ideal for more secure and scalable systems, especially when avoiding sending login credentials with each request is a priority.
OAuth Authentication:
Enables third-party limited access to user resources without revealing credentials by issuing access tokens after user authentication.

When to use:
Ideal for scenarios requiring controlled access to user resources by third-party applications or services.
API Key Authentication:
Assigns unique keys to users or applications, sent in headers or parameters; while simple, it might lack the security features of token-based or OAuth methods.

When to use:
Convenient for straightforward access control in less sensitive environments or for granting access to certain functionalities without the need for user-specific permissions.

Over to you: Which REST API authentication method do you find most effective in ensuring both security and usability for your applications?

Symmetric encryption vs asymmetric encryption

Symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption are two types of cryptographic techniques used to secure data and communications, but they differ in their methods of encryption and decryption.

In symmetric encryption, a single key is used for both encryption and decryption of data. It is faster and can be applied to bulk data encryption/decryption. For example, we can use it to encrypt massive amounts of PII (Personally Identifiable Information) data. It poses challenges in key management because the sender and receiver share the same key.
Asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys: a public key and a private key. The public key is freely distributed and used to encrypt data, while the private key is kept secret and used to decrypt the data. It is more secure than symmetric encryption because the private key is never shared. However, asymmetric encryption is slower because of the complexity of key generation and maths computations. For example, HTTPS uses asymmetric encryption to exchange session keys during TLS handshake, and after that, HTTPS uses symmetric encryption for subsequent communications.

How does Redis persist data?

Redis is an in-memory database. If the server goes down, the data will be lost.

The diagram below shows two ways to persist Redis data on disk:

AOF (Append-Only File)
RDB (Redis Database)

Note that data persistence is not performed on the critical path and doesn't block the write process in Redis.

AOF
Unlike a write-ahead log, the Redis AOF log is a write-after log. Redis executes commands to modify the data in memory first and then writes it to the log file. AOF log records the commands instead of the data. The event-based design simplifies data recovery. Additionally, AOF records commands after the command has been executed in memory, so it does not block the current write operation.
RDB
The restriction of AOF is that it persists commands instead of data. When we use the AOF log for recovery, the whole log must be scanned. When the size of the log is large, Redis takes a long time to recover. So Redis provides another way to persist data - RDB.

RDB records snapshots of data at specific points in time. When the server needs to be recovered, the data snapshot can be directly loaded into memory for fast recovery.

Step 1: The main thread forks the‘ bgsave’ sub-process, which shares all the in-memory data of the main thread. ‘bgsave’ reads the data from the main thread and writes it to the RDB file.

Steps 2 and 3: If the main thread modifies data, a copy of the data is created.

Steps 4 and 5: The main thread then operates on the data copy. Meanwhile ‘bgsave’ sub-process continues to write data to the RDB file.
Mixed
Usually in production systems, we can choose a mixed approach, where we use RDB to record data snapshots from time to time and use AOF to record the commands since the last snapshot.

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