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Webinar: How connected is your business strategy?
Join the webinar. Learn how to simplify decisions and drive transformation.Stay Agile and Resilient in Uncertain Times with SAP Business Suite
June 24, 2025In this webinar, learn how SAP Business Suite helps unify applications, data, and AI across your business so you can connect insights with action in real time.
You’ll learn about:
- How to connect data, applications, and decisions across your enterprise for greater agility.
- Real-world strategies from SAP customers for transforming operations in the face of change.
- What’s included in the new SAP Cloud Private Base and Premium packages.
Speakers include:
- Lauren Husum, Vice President of Product Marketing for SAP Business Suite at SAP
- Mickey North Rizza, Vice President of Research, IDC
SAP Business Suite
SAP core applications, data, and AI come together—powered by SAP Business Technology Platform—to deliver exceptional business value and help your business stay ready for what’s next.
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by "SAP" <sap@mailsap.com> - 09:33 - 4 Jun 2025 -
LAST CALL !!! Fundamentals Of Pumps And Cooling Towers (11 & 12 June 2025)
Please call 012-588 2728
email to pearl-otc@outlook.com
FACE-TO-FACE PUBLIC PROGRAM
FUNDAMENTALS OF PUMPS
AND COOLING TOWERS
Venue : Dorsett Grand Subang Hotel, Selangor (SBL Khas / HRD Corp Claimable Course)
Date : 11 June 2025 (Wed) | 9am – 5pm By Ir. Dr. Jaya
12 June 2025 (Thu) | 9am – 5pm . .
COURSE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
It can rightly be claimed that no machine and very few tools have had as long a history in the service of man as the pump, or have filled as broad a need in his life. Every process which underlies our modern civilization involves the transfer of liquids from one level of pressure or static energy to another. Pumps have played an essential role in our life ever since the dawn of civilization. Worldwide developments in pump theory, design and applications have continued to emerge, and these have begun to affect the outlook of pump engineers and users. Pumps have continued to grow in size, speed and energy level, revealing new problems that are being addressed by innovative materials, mechanical and hydraulic design approaches.
A Cooling Tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 meters tall and 100 meters in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 meters tall and 80 meters long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants, although they are also used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Pumps and Cooling Towers have their fair share of engineering problems in industry.
The said problems could be classified into:-
· Problems which could be identified and solved immediately, with little or no financial implications or loss in production and a drop in quality levels;
· Problems which could be identified and cannot be solved immediately, with little or no knowledge of its implications;
· Problems which recur frequently and cannot be solved permanently etc;
Some of the reasons for these are due to:
· Incompetent staff;
· A vast variety of equipment;
· Many moving (sliding, reciprocating, rotating) components etc.
This course is industry designed, to provide a broad understanding of the improvement methodology, concepts, and process. The methodology is presented with case studies and examples drawn from service, business process and manufacturing applications. The integration of maintenance is also addressed. With a heavy practice orientation, as much as a third of your time will be spent working through interactive practical exercises and assessments.
COURSE OBJECTIVE
This training program is designed to provide an understanding of engineering related problems related to industry globally and a clear sense of what is required to effectively structure, establish measurements and solve problems. Participants will learn the goals and deliverables behind the solutions. Methodology as well as the most commonly used tools within each phase will be discussed. Participants will also learn how to support a problem solving initiative within their organization.
LEARNING OUTCOME
On successful completion of this course, the participant should be able to:-
· Understand the benefits and implications of pump and Cooling Towers engineering problem solving programa, and relate the concepts to the overall business mission and objectives.
· Think about his/her organization as a collection of processes, with inputs that determine the output.
· Recognize the engineering problem solving model used to improve processes.
· Recognize the organizational factors that are necessary groundwork for a successful engineering problem solving program.
· Integrate the engineering problem solving program effort with other process improvement initiatives.
· Learn the various types of centrifugal pumps and Cooling Towers, their functions and terminologies used;
· Understand the design methodologies for centrifugal pumps and Cooling Towers;
· Understand the various maintenance methods for centrifugal pumps and Cooling Towers; and
· Understand the application of centrifugal pumps and Cooling Towers in various industries.
TRAINING METHODOLOGY
· The latest educational methods and strategies will be utilized.
· The course is designed to maximize delegate participation.
· Questions and answers are encouraged throughout and at the daily wrap-up sessions. This gives participants the opportunity to discuss with others and the presenter their specific problems and appropriate solutions.
· The course shall be conducted through lectures, case studies, group discussions and exercises to reinforce participant’s learning.
MEASUREMENT TOOLS
Quiz and exercises.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
Facilities engineers, maintenance engineers, design engineers and any one who would like to widen their knowledge on the theory of pumps.
Past Participants
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Penang Port Sdn.Bhd. Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad, Politeknik Mukah (Sarawak), Petlin Malaysia Sdn Bhd, TNB, SYABAS, Bintulu Port, Sime Austral etc.
OUTLINE OF WORKSHOP
DAY 1
Introduction to Pumps
· Introduction
· Definition of head and related calculations
· Definition of capacity and related calculations, flow velocity
· Piping design:- Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4
Net Positive Suction Head and Specific Speed in Pumps
· Types of pumps
· Calculation of NPSH
· Suggested remedies for NPSH, and cavitation.
Pump and System Characteristic Curves
· Various types of system curves
· Information required to plot system curve
· The various types of pump curves for the various types of pumps.
Power, Efficiency and Electrical Requirements for Pumps
· Power requirements
· Motor selection
· Power consumption and energy savings
· Types of motors
· Torque and power factor
Variable Speed Systems for Pumps
· Reasons for using variable speed systems
· Energy savings under constant and fluctuating flow demand.
Affinity Laws in Pumps
· The relationship between pump speed, flow, power, head and impeller diameter
· Analysis of the pump composite performance curve
DAY 2
Cooling Tower Fundamentals
· Main Features
· Components of a cooling tower
· Measured Parameters
· Performance Parameters
· Selecting a cooling tower
Cooling Tower Performance
· Thermodynamics of Air Water Systems
· Evaporative Cooling
· Enthalpy of Wet air
· Heat and Mass Transfer in water air system
Cooling Tower Water Treatment
· Scale Formation
· Corrosion
· Fouling
· Hardness
· Biofouling
· Control of Concentration
· Bleed Control
Cooling Tower Types
· Parallel vs. Series Flow
· Induced Draft, Cross Flow
· Natural Draft
· Hyperbolic Cooling Tower
Cooling Tower Maintenance
· Legionella Awareness
· Frequency of Cleaning/Disinfection
· Sterilization
· Areas of Performance
· High Risk Facilities
· Survey of Process Risk
· Monitoring and Inspection
· Preventive Actions
Question & Answer Session
End of Program
** Certificate of attendance will be awarded for those who completed the course
ABOUT THE FACILITATOR
IR.DR.JAYA
He was a recipient of the Association of Overseas Technical Scholarships (AOTS) award on two occasions, awarded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. Jaya was also a member of the working group to draw up the energy efficiency and energy conservation guidelines for pumps and compressors for Malaysian industries organized by the Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, and the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (KTAK). He has also attended trade related negotiations etc. with MATRADE, foreign companies etc.
He is also
· the immediate past Chairman of the Engineering Education Technical Division of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
· a member of the Education Committee of the Association of Consulting Engineers (ACEM)
· a member of the Examination Bureau, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
· a member, Accreditation Board, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
· a member, Standing Committee on Qualifications & Admission, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
· a member, Industry Advisory Panel, The University of Nottingham (Malaysian Campus)
· a member, Industry Advisory Panel, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Professionally trained in mechanical engineering, he is positive and lively in his approach. He livens his audience by always providing interactive and energetic presentation of his material in a comprehensive and easy to use format of ideas that work. His participants describe him as very creative, fun and lively trainer who sets high standards.
He graduated from the University of Malaya, Leeds Polytechnic, UK and Universiti Putra Malaysia and holds a Degree in Mechanical Engineering and Masters in Engineering. His wide hands-on industrial experience has enable him to design and facilitate training courses.
Some of the companies he has trained includes, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Bank Pembangunan, Ranhill, Ebara Pumps, Usaha Tegas Sdn.Bhd (Maxis), Infineon (M) Sdn. Bhd, Universiti Malaya, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Penang Port Sdn. Bhd. Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad, Politeknik Mukah (Sarawak), Petlin Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Bintulu Port, Sime Austral, Perbadanan Putrajaya Holdings, Syarikat Air Johor etc.
IR.DR.Jaya is a Professional Engineer registered with the Board Of Engineers (BEM), Malaysia, member of the Association of Consulting Engineers, Malaysia (ACEM) and a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM).
(SBL Khas / HRD Corp Claimable Course)
TRAINING FEE
2 days Face-to-Face Public Program
RM 2,407.00/pax
(excluded 8% SST)
Group Registration: Register 3 participants from the same organization, the 4th participant is FREE.
(Buy 3 Get 1 Free) if Register before 30 May 2025.Please act fast to grab your favourite training program!
We hope you find it informative and interesting and we look forward to seeing you soon.
Please act fast to grab your favorite training program! Please call 012-588 2728
or email to pearl-otc@outlook.com
Do forward this email to all your friends and colleagues who might be interested to attend these programs
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Thanks
Regards
Pearl
by "sump@otcmsb.com.my" <sump@otcmsb.com.my> - 05:08 - 4 Jun 2025 -
About the Best Price for security communication switch
Dear Info,
Good day!
We are the sales department of HZGWS Technologies Co., Ltd. Our company is the first professional Ethernet switch manufacturer and supplier in China, focusing on 21 years. The company has 280 employees and factory area is 23000 square meter, 94 production and testing machines. We are the integrating R&D, production and sales, supporting OEM/ODM.
We also have fiber optic transceivers, power supplies, SFP optical modules, PoE Extender, PoE Injector, PoE Splitter, operation and maintenance boxes, wireless bridges, wireless AP, etc. We really want to become a partner with your company. Could you give me the contact information of your company's purchasing department? Thank you very much.
Best Regards,
Sales department of HZGWS Technologies Co., Ltd
HZGWS Technology Co., Ltd.
Building B3, Xinghe Zhongkai Artificial Intelligence Industrial Park, 333 Zhongkai 6th Road, Chenjiang Street, Zhongkai High-tech Zone, Huizhou, Guangdong, China.
Website: www.hzgws.comAlibaba: https://hzgws.en.alibaba.com/
Email: hzgws@hzgws.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100083940985478
Skype: hzgws@hzgws.com
WeChat: HZGWS--PoE
Tel: 0086-752-3397806
by "sales03" <sales03@hzgws-poe.com> - 02:29 - 4 Jun 2025 -
Digital innovation for retailers and CPG companies
Re:think
How retail and CPG can lead with tech
by "McKinsey Quarterly" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 02:07 - 4 Jun 2025 -
Learn to build flow-based UIs – workshop with our CTO
Hi,
Recently you were interested in workflowbuilder.io. Next week, our CTO, Łukasz Jaźwa, is running a live workshop on how to build flow-based user interfaces using Workflow Builder SDK and React — as part of the upcoming React Summit.
Where & When?
- June 9th, 4–7 PM CET
- Remote, via Zoom
It’s a session full of real-world techniques, shortcuts, and expert code insights. As a bonus, you’ll also open-source access to Workflow Builder (non-commercial license).
Would you like me to send over the details?
Best,
--
Ruslana Brykaliuk
Sales Development Representative
by "Ruslana Brykaliuk" <ruslana.brykaliuk@workflowbuilder.io> - 07:49 - 4 Jun 2025 -
Re: Business update..?
Hi,
I am still waiting for your reply,
Please let me know if you are interested in my services below.
Thanks,
From: Sartaj Khan
Sent: 02 May 2025 22:30
Subject: Just reply
Hi There,
Greetings of the day!
Would you be interested in building an app for your business? We have catered several clients needs in the below domains:-
Travel Apps
Real estate Apps
Restaurant Apps
E-Commerce Apps (both single vendor and multiple vendors)
GPS/Taxi/Food Delivery Apps
Website Development
If you are interested in any of our app services, let us know your project requirements or perhaps name an existing app that you think is similar to your requirement. We will suggest an action plan for you to consider after reviewing your needs.
Thanks,Sarta
by "Sartaj Khan" <sartaj.khan33@hotmail.com> - 04:14 - 4 Jun 2025 -
Wholesale Aquarium Pumps from China | Durable & 24H Battery Life
Dear Info,
Are you sourcing cost-effective aquarium pumps with long battery life for your wholesale business? JINGYE Electric Co., Ltd offers:
Battery-powered air pumps (24H+ runtime)
Mini submersible pumps (3W-10W, 110-240V)
Silent internal filters (under 25dB)
With 15 years of expertise, we supply pet industry distributors in India, Russia, and Southeast Asia, ensuring stable quality and MOQ 5 PCS flexibility.
Attached catalog highlights:
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Bulk order discounts (5%-15% off)
OEM packaging support
Visit www.jingyeaquarium.com or reply to request samples. Let’s discuss how to boost your margins!
Sincerely,
YAN
WhatsApp:008615819960484
by "Caisy Furxer" <caisyfurxer@gmail.com> - 01:45 - 4 Jun 2025 -
What will it take to achieve metabolic health for all?
On McKinsey Perspectives
A $5.65 trillion opportunity Brought to you by Alex Panas, global leader of industries, & Axel Karlsson, global leader of functional practices and growth platforms
Welcome to the latest edition of Only McKinsey Perspectives. We hope you find our insights useful. Let us know what you think at Alex_Panas@McKinsey.com and Axel_Karlsson@McKinsey.com.
—Alex and Axel
•
A major health concern. Obesity has become a major public health issue that affects nearly 900 million adults globally. The condition has significant health and economic consequences, McKinsey Senior Partners Drew Ungerman and Hemant Ahlawat and their coauthors explain. Obesity heightens the risk of many other diseases, including type 2 diabetes, dementia, and depression. It also has adverse effects on labor force participation and productivity: According to McKinsey Health Institute estimates, obesity will be linked to $2.76 trillion in lost GDP each year in 2050.
—Edited by Belinda Yu, editor, Atlanta
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Copyright © 2025 | McKinsey & Company, 3 World Trade Center, 175 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
by "Only McKinsey Perspectives" <publishing@email.mckinsey.com> - 01:42 - 4 Jun 2025 -
The part of AI most companies are missing
The part of AI most companies are missing
Hi MD Abul,
I was reading through the latest news over coffee this morning, something about Amazon deploying 750,000 robots and planning to save $16 billion a year with AI by 2032.
And for some reason, it didn’t just strike me as “big tech news.”
It felt familiar. Like déjà vu.
Because we’ve seen this play before.
And we’ve misread it before, too.Amazon’s warehouses are running like a well-oiled machine, robots sorting, drones delivering, and AI optimizing every move. It’s impressive, no doubt. But here’s the thing:
They didn’t just throw AI at a problem and hope it would fix things.
They redesigned their operations around it.
They rewired the way they work, end to end.And that’s the part most companies miss.
We see it all the time, organizations investing in new tools, automation, cloud platforms, AI… but the core of how they operate? It stays the same. Same structure. Same workflows. Same mindset.
That’s why we’re talking more and more about Digital Enterprise Operations (DEO) at Third Stage.
It’s not about adding tech to a broken process, it’s about rethinking the way your business runs in a digital world.If you’re exploring AI, automation, or a system overhaul, the question isn’t “What tool should we buy?”
It’s “What kind of business are we trying to become?”
That’s the shift.
And if you’re ready to make it, we’ll be diving deep into these exact conversations at our Digital Stratosphere conference this August-strategy, systems, AI, and how to build something that actually works.
Our theme this year is Mission: AI-Possible.
Join us in Denver!Use the code "earlybird" for 20% off your ticket(s)!
Best regards,
Eric Kimberling
Third Stage Consulting 384 Inverness Pkwy Suite Suite #200 Englewood Colorado 80112 United States
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by "Eric Kimberling" <eric.kimberling@thirdstage-consulting.com> - 09:49 - 3 Jun 2025 -
Learn from the funnel building Phenom! (free training)
Thursday she’s breaking down how she does it.We’re just 2 days away!
Russell and Kathryn are training YOU on how to get certified and tap into the MASSIVE BACKLOG of people asking, “Do you know anyone that can build my funnel??”
And just so you know… Russell invited funnel-building phenom, Kathryn Jones Lish, to co-host it with him.
Let me just say this about Kathryn:
✅ She’s a best-selling author.
✅ She’s a Two Comma Club Award winner.
✅ She’s built a 7-figure business selling funnels.
✅ She’s helped thousands of people just like you do the same.
But this is the REAL STORY:
She doesn’t just know how to build funnels… She knows how to launch and scale a funnel building business!
And that’s the reason this training will be massively valuable!!
If you have any interest in turning funnel building funnel building into a legit & profitable business (Or lucrative side-hustle)...
Get your seat reserved today!
REGISTER FOR THE FREE SALES FUNNEL BUILDER TRAINING HERE >>
Who: Russell Brunson and Kathryn Jones Lish
When: Thursday, June 5 @ 10AM PT / 1 PM ET
Where: LIVE on Zoom (not pre-recorded)
Why: Because the opportunity is real, and we want to show you how to claim it!
See you in two days!
© Etison LLC
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by "Todd Dickerson (ClickFunnels)" <noreply@clickfunnelsnotifications.com> - 07:06 - 3 Jun 2025 -
Re: Cost?
Hi,
Good morning!
I noticed a few areas on your website that could be improved. I’d be happy to share a detailed analysis with you, outlining specific changes that could help enhance your online presence.
Would you be open to receiving a customized report along with a brief recommendation?
Thank you
by "Lusia Zeb" <lusia80018@hotmail.com> - 02:02 - 3 Jun 2025 -
How Netflix Runs on Java?
How Netflix Runs on Java?
Netflix is a masterclass in backend engineering at scale. Behind the seamless playback, tailored recommendations, and cross-device consistency lies an intricate architecture powered by Java.͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ Forwarded this email? Subscribe here for moreKubernetes Quick-Start Guide (Sponsored)
Cut through the noise with this engineer-friendly guide to Kubernetes observability. Get a fast-track reference to essential kubectl commands and critical metrics — from disk I/O and network latency to real-time cluster events. Perfect for scaling, debugging, and tuning your workloads without sifting through endless docs.
Disclaimer: The details in this post have been derived from the articles/videos shared online by the Netflix Engineering Team. All credit for the technical details goes to the Netflix Engineering Team. The links to the original articles and videos are present in the references section at the end of the post. We’ve attempted to analyze the details and provide our input about them. If you find any inaccuracies or omissions, please leave a comment, and we will do our best to fix them.
Netflix is a masterclass in backend engineering at scale. Behind the seamless playback, tailored recommendations, and cross-device consistency lies an intricate architecture powered by Java.
The majority of Netflix’s backend services run on Java. This might surprise engineers who’ve watched the rise of Kotlin, Go, Rust, and reactive frameworks. But Netflix isn’t sticking with Java out of inertia. Java has matured, and so has the ecosystem around it. Modern JVMs offer powerful garbage collectors. Spring Boot has become both extensible and reliable. And with the arrival of virtual threads and structured concurrency, Java is reclaiming its place in high-throughput, low-latency system design, without the overhead of reactive complexity.
In this article, we’ll walk through how Netflix uses Java today. We will also cover the following topics:
The architectural backbone of Netflix: a federated GraphQL platform connecting client apps to dozens of Java backend services.
The concurrency model: how Java virtual threads and modern garbage collectors change performance and reliability.
The evolution: a company-wide migration off technical debt and onto Spring Boot, JDK 21+, and beyond.
Backend Architecture with the GraphQL Foundation
At the heart of Netflix’s backend lies a federated GraphQL architecture. This is the primary abstraction through which all client applications interact with backend data. The model provides both flexibility and insulation: clients can express exactly what they need, and backend teams can evolve their services independently.
Every GraphQL query from a Netflix client, whether from a smart TV, phone, or browser, lands at a centralized API Gateway. This gateway parses the query, decomposes it into subqueries, and routes those to the appropriate backend services.
Each backend team owns a Domain Graph Service (DGS), which implements a slice of the overall GraphQL schema. Every Domain Graph Service (DGS) at Netflix is a Spring Boot application.
The DGS framework itself is built as an extension of Spring Boot. This means that it supports the following features:
Dependency injection, configuration, and lifecycle management are handled by Spring Boot.
GraphQL resolvers are just annotated Spring components.
Observability, security, retry logic, and service mesh integration are implemented using Spring’s mechanisms.
Netflix picked Spring Boot because it’s proven at scale and a long-lived technology at Netflix. It’s also extensible as Netflix layers in their modules for security, metrics, service discovery, and more.
The DGSs register their schema fragments to a shared registry. The gateway then knows which service is responsible for which field. This turns one “monolithic” schema into a fully federated, independently deployable graph.
This separation of schema ownership enables:
Independent deployability of services
Schema-driven collaboration between frontend and backend
Cleaner boundaries between domains (for example, recommendations vs. user profiles)
The key idea is that backend services own their part of the graph, not just their internal data.
Build Your Own Production-Ready Agent
Few outside major AI labs have optimized LLM agents with reinforcement learning. But Will Brown and Kyle Corbitt have.
In this first-of-its-kind course, they’re teaching engineers how to:
Choose the right agent pattern for your use case
Integrate MCP tools with Notion, Linear, and Slack
Evaluate where and why agents fail
Understand reinforcement learning without the math
3 weeks, 2x/week lectures with live coding/prompting, office hours, and Discord. Requires familiarity with Python and high-level AI/ML concepts.
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Microservice Fan-out: What a Query Hits
Behind the scenes, even a simple query, like fetching titles and images for five shows, fans out across multiple services:
The API Gateway receives the request.
It contacts 2–3 DGSs to resolve fields like metadata, artwork, and availability.
Each DGS may then fan out again to fetch from data stores or call other services.
This fan-out pattern is essential for flexibility but introduces real complexity. The system needs aggressive timeouts, retry logic, and fallback strategies to prevent one slow service from cascading into user-visible latency.
Protocol Choices
Between the client and the gateway, Netflix sticks with HTTP and GraphQL over standard web protocols. This ensures compatibility across browsers, mobile apps, and smart TVs.
Inside the backend, services communicate over gRPC: a high-performance, binary protocol that supports efficient service-to-service calls. gRPC enables:
Low-latency communication
Strong typing via Protocol Buffers
Easy interface evolution
This separation makes sense: GraphQL is great for flexible, client-driven data fetching, while gRPC excels in internal RPC-style interactions.
JVM Evolution
Until recently, much of Netflix’s Java codebase was stuck on JDK 8. The problem wasn’t inertia but lock-in. A custom in-house application framework, built years earlier, had accumulated layers of unmaintained libraries and outdated APIs. These dependencies had tight couplings and compatibility issues that made upgrading anything beyond JDK 8 risky.
In this setup, service owners couldn’t move forward independently. Even when newer Java versions were technically available, the platform wasn’t ready. Teams had little incentive to upgrade because it required effort with no immediate benefit. The result was stalled progress across the board.
Breaking that cycle required a direct approach. Netflix patched the incompatible libraries themselves, not by rewriting everything, but by forking and minimally updating what was necessary to make it compatible with JDK-17. In practice, this wasn’t as daunting as it sounds. Ultimately, only a small number of critical libraries required intervention.
In parallel, the company began migrating all Java services (around 3000) to Spring Boot. This wasn’t a simple lift-and-shift. They built automated tooling to transform code, configure services, and standardize deployment. While the effort was significant, the result is a unified platform that can evolve in step with the broader Java ecosystem.
Now, the baseline across most teams is Spring Boot on JDK 17 or newer. A few legacy services remain for backward compatibility, but they were the exception.
Once services moved to JDK 17, the benefits became obvious:
The G1 garbage collector, already in use, showed a significant improvement: roughly 20% less CPU time spent on GC without changing application code.
Fewer and shorter stop-the-world pauses led to fewer cascading timeouts in distributed systems.
Higher overall throughput and better CPU utilization became possible, especially for high RPS services.
Generational ZGC
G1 garbage collector served Netflix well for years. It struck a balance between throughput and pause time, and most JVM-based services used it by default. But as traffic scaled and timeouts tightened, the cracks showed.
Under high concurrency, some services saw stop-the-world pauses lasting over a second, long enough to cause IPC timeouts and trigger retry logic across dependent services. These retries inflated traffic, introduced jitter, and obscured the root cause of failures. In clusters running at high CPU loads, G1's occasional latency spikes became an operational burden.
However, the introduction of generational ZGC changed the game.
ZGC had been available in prior Java versions, but it lacked a generational memory model. That limited its effectiveness for workloads where most allocations were short-lived, like Netflix’s streaming services.
In JDK 21, generational ZGC finally arrived. It brought a modern, low-pause garbage collector that also understood object lifetime. The effect was immediate:
Pause times dropped to near-zero, even under heavy load.
Services no longer timed out during GC pauses, which led to a visible reduction in error rates.
With fewer garbage collection stalls, fewer upstream requests failed, reducing cluster-wide pressure.
Clusters ran closer to CPU saturation without falling over. Headroom previously held in reserve for GC safety was now available for real workloads.
From an operator’s perspective, these improvements were significant. A one-line configuration change (switching from G1 to ZGC) translated into smoother behavior, fewer alerts, and more predictable scaling.
Use of Java Virtual Threads
In the traditional concurrency model, each request handler runs on a separate thread.
For high-throughput systems, this leads to high thread counts, inflated memory usage, and scheduling overhead. Netflix faced exactly this situation, particularly in its GraphQL stack, where individual field resolvers might perform blocking I/O.
Parallelizing these resolver calls manually was possible, but painful. Developers had to reason about thread pools, manage “CompletableFutures”, and deal with the complexity of mixing blocking and non-blocking models. Most didn’t bother unless performance made it unavoidable.
With Java 21+, Netflix began rolling out virtual threads. These lightweight threads, scheduled by the JVM instead of the OS, allowed blocking code to scale without monopolizing resources. For services built on the DGS framework and Spring Boot, the integration was automatic. Resolvers could now run in parallel by default.
See the diagram below that shows the concept of Java virtual threads.
Take the common example of a GraphQL query that returns five shows, each requiring artwork data. Previously, the resolver fetching artwork URLs ran serially, adding latency across multiple calls. With virtual threads, those calls now execute in parallel, cutting total response time significantly, without changing the application code.
Netflix wired virtual thread support directly into their frameworks:
Spring Boot–based services automatically benefit from parallel execution in field resolvers.
Developers don’t need to use new APIs or change annotations.
The thread scheduling model remains abstracted away, preserving familiar development workflows.
This opt-in-by-default model works because virtual threads impose almost no overhead. The JVM manages them efficiently, making them suitable even in high-volume paths where traditional thread-per-request models fall apart.
Trade-Offs
Virtual threads aren't magic. Early experiments revealed a specific failure mode: deadlocks caused by thread pinning.
Here's what happened:
Some libraries used synchronized blocks or methods.
When a virtual thread enters a synchronized block, it becomes pinned to a physical platform thread.
If many pinned virtual threads block while holding locks, and the pool of platform threads is exhausted, the system can deadlock. No threads can make progress, because the thread that holds the lock can’t be scheduled.
Netflix encountered this exact scenario in production.
The issue was serious enough that Netflix temporarily backed off aggressive virtual thread adoption. But with JDK 24, this problem was addressed directly: the JVM rewrote the internals of synchronized to avoid unnecessary thread pinning.
With that change in place, the engineering team was able to once again push forward. The performance and simplicity gains are too good to ignore, and now the risk has been meaningfully reduced.
Why Netflix Moved Away from RxJava?
Netflix helped pioneer reactive programming in the Java ecosystem. RX Java, one of the earliest and most influential reactive libraries, was born in-house. For years, reactive abstractions shaped the way services handled high-concurrency workloads.
Reactive programming excels when applied end-to-end: network IO, computation, and data storage all wrapped in non-blocking, event-driven flows. But that model requires total buy-in. In practice, most systems fall somewhere in between: some async libraries, some blocking IO, and a lot of legacy code. The result is a brittle mix of concurrency models that’s hard to reason about, hard to debug, and easy to get wrong.
One frequent pain point was combining a thread-per-request model with a reactive HTTP client like WebClient. Even when it worked, it introduced two concurrency layers (one blocking, one non-blocking), creating complex failure modes and resource contention. It was effective for certain fan-out use cases, but operationally expensive.
The introduction of virtual threads shifted the equation. As mentioned, they allowed thousands of concurrent blocking operations without the overhead of traditional threads. Combined with structured concurrency, developers can express complex async workflows using plain code, without the callback hell of reactive programming.
Having said that, reactive programming still has its place. In services with long IO chains, backpressure concerns, or streaming workloads, reactive APIs remain useful. However, for the bulk of Netflix’s backend, which involves RPC calls, in-memory joins, and tight response times, virtual threads and structured concurrency offer the same benefits with lower complexity.
The Spring Boot Netflix Stack
Netflix standardizes its backend services on Spring Boot, not as an off-the-shelf framework, but as a base for a deeply integrated, extensible platform. Every service runs on what the team calls “Spring Boot Netflix”: a curated stack of modules that layer company-specific infrastructure into the familiar Spring ecosystem.
This design keeps the programming model clean. Developers use standard Spring annotations and idioms. Under the hood, Netflix wires in custom logic for everything from authentication to service discovery.
The Spring Boot Netflix stack includes:
Security integration with Netflix’s authentication and authorization systems, exposed through standard Spring Security annotations like @Secured and @PreAuthorize.
Observability support using Spring’s Micrometer APIs, connected to internal tracing, metrics, and logging pipelines built to handle Netflix-scale telemetry.
Service mesh integration for all traffic via a proxy-based system (built on ProxyD), handling TLS, service discovery, and retry policies transparently.
gRPC framework based on annotation-driven programming models, letting engineers write gRPC services with the same approach as REST controllers.
Dynamic configuration with “fast properties”: runtime-changeable settings that avoid service restarts and enable live tuning during incidents.
Retryable clients wrapped around gRPC and WebClient to enforce timeouts, retries, and fallback strategies out of the box.
Netflix stays closely aligned with Spring Boot upstream. Minor versions roll out to the fleet within days. For major releases, the team builds tooling and compatibility layers to smooth the upgrade path.
The move to Spring Boot 3 required migrating from javax.* to jakarta.* namespaces. It was a breaking change that affected many libraries. Rather than wait for external updates, Netflix built a Gradle plugin that performs bytecode transforms at artifact resolution time. This plugin rewrites compiled classes to use the new Jakarta APIs, allowing Spring Boot 2-era libraries to work on Spring Boot 3 without source changes.
Conclusion
Netflix’s Java architecture in 2025 isn’t a relic of the past, but a deliberate, modern engineering system. What makes it interesting isn’t the choice of language, but the way that choice is continuously reevaluated, optimized, and aligned with real-world constraints.
The system isn’t static. Netflix pushed past the limits of Java 8 by aggressively upgrading its stack, not by rewriting it. It embraced Spring Boot as a foundation but extended it to meet the unique demands of a global streaming platform. It adopted GraphQL for flexibility, virtual threads for concurrency, and ZGC for performance.
Some key takeaways are as follows:
Java is still competitive when treated as an ecosystem. Netflix extracts significant performance gains from modern JVM features. It doesn’t settle for default settings or old frameworks. Evolution is deliberate.
Owning the platform enables speed. Building in-house tooling for patching, transforming, and deploying applications turns upgrades from risk into routine. Platform ownership is a leverage for them.
Virtual threads reduce complexity. They preserve a familiar coding style while scaling better under load. The payoff is cleaner code, fewer bugs, and simpler mental models.
Tuning infrastructure and not just code improves reliability. Upgrading the garbage collector and optimizing thread behavior led to fewer timeouts, lower error rates, and more consistent throughput across the board.
References:
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Excelling as a leader: Growth
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“Growth leaders set, communicate, and commit to growth consistently and without significant resourcing,” write McKinsey’s Michael Birshan, Biljana Cvetanovski, Rebecca Doherty, Tjark Freundt, Greg Kelly, Erik Roth, Ishaan Seth, and Jill Zucker.
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Fast fashion: An industry in flux
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Rising popularity. Compared with other retailers, fast fashion brands accelerate their production cycles so they can offer shoppers the chance to update their wardrobes frequently, even with limited budgets. In 2023, 40% of US consumers and 26% of UK consumers purchased from two major fast fashion brands, McKinsey Senior Partners Anita Balchandani and Gemma D’Auria and coauthors share in The State of Fashion 2025 report. These retailers have not just strengthened their position in the US; they are now the country’s primary online marketplaces for fashion.
•
Sustainability challenges. Most fashion brands are finding it difficult to stay on track with their 2030 decarbonization goals, with 40% actually increasing their emissions since making earlier sustainability commitments. But tackling emissions doesn’t have to be as expensive as fashion leaders may think. McKinsey research shows that most fashion companies can cut their emissions by more than 60% for less than 1 to 2% of their revenues. Explore our McKinsey Explainers entry “What is fast fashion?” for six ways fashion companies can accelerate decarbonization.
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